Flow (Luu Luong)

Level 1 1
Fundamental Training
RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Contents 2
Topics: Slide No:

• Why measure flow? 3 - 4
• Flow terminology 5 - 18
• Flowmeter selection 19 - 24
• DP flowmeters 25 - 46
• Velocity flowmeters 47 - 55
• Mass flowmeters 56 - 61
• Displacement meters 62
• Rosemount flow products summary 63
• Exercise 64 - 65

Why measure flow?
5 Common Reasons 3
Safety
• Uncontrolled flow rates may cause
– temperature & pressure to reach dangerously high levels
– turbines & other machinery to overspeed
– tanks to spill
Custody Transfer
• the measurement of fluid passing from a supplier to a customer
– cash register of the system
– example a local gas station measures how much gas being pumped into the
vehicle for billing
– requires high measurement accuracy
Product Integrity
• ensuring right amount of blended materials in for example processed food &
gasoline

Why measure flow?
5 Common Reasons 4
Efficiency Indication
• to determine efficiency of process by
– measuring the amount of each input that has gone into the
product
– comparing the above measurement to the amount of product
producedl
Process Variable Control
• Flow rate is measured & controlled during energy transfer
application, for example
– heat exchanger
» fluid temperature controlled by varying the flow rate of
steam

Flow terminology
Flow Control Loop 5
• Flow Loop Issues:

– May be a Very Fast Process
» “Noise” in Measurement Signal
⇒ May Require Filtering
» May Require Fast-Responding Equipment
– Typically Requires Temperature Compensation
I/P FIC
FT TT

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 6
Density: ρ ( rho) = m/V = mass/volume

•
Mass per unit volume at given operating conditions.
–
Common units: kg/m3 or lb/ft3
–
Density of a liquid varies with temperature
–
Density of a gas varies with temperature and pressure
–
Liquids Gases
↑ Temperature = ↓ Density ↑ Temperature = ↓ Density
↓ Temperature = ↑ Density ↓ Temperature = ↑ Density
↑ Pressure = No change ↑ Pressure = ↑ Density
↓ Pressure = No change ↓ Pressure = ↓ Density

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 7
Density of liquid at process temperature
Density of water at 15.6°C
Molecular Weight of gas

Molecular Weight of air

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 8
Absolute pressure Absolute temperature
PV = nRT
Volume Universal gas constant
Molecular weight

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 9
Area Force
Fluid
Thickness •Water is 1cP, peanut butter is 10,000 cP
Fixed Plate

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 10
• Fluid Type
– Clean Fluid
» A fluid that is free from solid particles, e.g. clean water.
– Dirty Fluid
» A fluid containing solid particles, e.g. muddy water.
– Slurry
» A liquid with a suspension of fine solids, e.g. pulp and paper, or oatmeal.
– Steam
» Water vapour
– Gas
» Natural gas

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 11
• Flow Profile Pipe Wall
Lower velocity at the edge
Higher velocity in the middle
Lower velocity at the edge
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

Transition Flow

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 12
• Reynolds number defines the state of fluid flow

– Dimensionless number
– Indicates flow profile
Laminar Transition Turbulent
0 2000 4000
m m/s kg/m3
Reynolds (Pipe I.D.) ( Velocity) (Density)
Number Viscosity kg/ms
Rd = (ρ x v x D)/µ
Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 13
Example:
Flow conditions; Velocity = 0.5 m/s
density = 995.7kg/m³
RD = V.d.ϕ / µ
Temperature = 25°C
= 0.7 /= 0.7cP
 µ Viscosity 1000 kg/ms
Pipe ID = 60mm
= (10.5 x 0.06 x 995.7 x 1000 /0.7
Poise = 0.1 kg/m s)
= 42,673
i) Find the Reynolds number for the fluid.
ii) Identify the type of flow.
(a) Laminar
(b) Transitional
(c) Turbulent

Flow terminology
Fluid Properties 14
• Pressure & Temperature changes inside process pipe determines which state
the steam is in
– Saturated steam (all vapor)
» Steam exactly at its saturation point (SP)
⇒temperature & pressure at which liquid turns to vapor (as pressure increases, saturation
temperature increases)
– Superheated steam
» Steam when pressure drop below SP
» Steam when temperature rise above SP
⇒e.g. at 350 psia, saturation temperature for water is 222°C.
⇒Steam at 350 psia & 278°C includes 56°C of super heat
– Quality steam ( mixture of water liquid & vapor)
» Condensed steam when pressure rise above SP
» Condensed steam when temperature drop below SP

Flow terminology
Pipe Geometry & Conditions 15
• Texture of inner walls

– smooth wall ⇒ slightly increase fluid velocity
– rough wall ⇒ slightly decrease fluid velocity
• Inside diameter
– e.g., doubling the diameter increase flow rate by
as much as 4 times
» Vol. flow rate(Qv) = Cross-section area * Velocity
= π D2/4 * Velocity
= D2(π /4 x Velocity)
Qv = (2D)2 * (π /4 x Velocity)
Qv = 4 (D2 * (π /4 x Velocity))

Flow terminology
Pipe Geometry & Conditions 16
• Flow Profile Disturbance

– factors that cause flow profile to become irregular
» symmetrical profile
⇒caused by reducers or expanders pipe sections
⇒eliminated by inserting appropriate length of straight pipes
» asymmetrical profile
⇒caused by elbows, valves and tees
⇒eliminated by inserting appropriate length of straight pipes
» swirl
⇒caused by pumps, compressors, or two pipe elbows in different
planes
⇒eliminated by inserting flow conditioners

Flow terminology
Engineering Units 17
Volumetric Flow Rate

Metric Unit- m3/s
•
Others
•
⇒ StdCuft/s - Standard Cubic feet per second
⇒ StdCuft/min - Standard Cubic feet per minute
⇒ StdCuft/h - Standard Cubic feet per hour
⇒ StdCuft/d - Standard Cubic feet per day
⇒ StdCum/h - Standard Cubic meter per hour
⇒ StdCum/d - Standard Cubic meter per day
⇒ NmlCum/h - Normal Cubic meter per hour
⇒ NmlCum/d - Normal Cubic meter per day
Std - reference to 14.696 psi Atm. at 68 deg.F

Nml - reference to 101.325 Atm. At 0 deg.C

Flow terminology
Engineering Units 18
Mass Flow Rate

Metric Unit- kg/s
• Others
• lbs/sec - Pounds per second
⇒
lbs/min - Pounds per minute
⇒
lbs/hour - Pounds per hour
⇒
lbs/day - Pounds per day
⇒
gram/sec - grams per second
⇒
grams/min - grams per minute
⇒
grams/hour - grams per hour
⇒
kg/min - kilograms per minute
⇒
kg/hour - kilogram per hour
⇒

Flowmeter selection
Specification 19
• Accuracy
– % of rate
» uncertainty of flow proportional to flow rate
Rate of Flow % of Rate Accuracy Uncertainty Range
100 gpm ±2% of 100 gpm 98-102 gpm
50 gpm ±2% of 50 gpm 49-51 gpm
20 gpm ±2% of 20 gpm 19.6-20.4 gpm
– % of full scale
» uncertainty of flow remains constant
Rate of Flow % of Rate Accuracy Uncertainty Range
100 gpm ±2% of 100 gpm 98-102 gpm
50 gpm ±2% of 50 gpm 49-51 gpm
20 gpm ±2% of 20 gpm 19.6-20.4 gpm

Flowmeter selection
Specification 20
• Rangeability (Turndown)
– Meter maximum
» maximum flow rate that a flowmeter is capable of reading
⇒commonly used for magnetic, vortex and Coriolis meters
– Application maximum
» maximum flowrate that occurs in the process flow of a particular
application
⇒commonly used for orifice plates, flow nozzles, and venturi tubes
• Repeatability
– the ability of a flowmeter to produce the same measurement
each time it measures a flow

Flowmeter selection
Classes of Flowmeters 21
Flow Technologies
Mass Volumetric Head
Coriolis Meter Velocity Positive DP Flow Target

Thermal Meter Meter Displacement Meter Meter
Meter
Magnetic Oval Annubar

Vortex Nutating disc Orifice
Ultrasonic Gear Venturi
Turbine Gerotor Nozzle
Elbow Taps

Flowmeter selection
•. Displacement Meters
– measure volume flow rate Qv directly by
repeatedly trapping a sample of the fluid.
» total volume = sample volume * number of samples
⇒High pressure loss
• Head Meters (DP Flow Meters)
– measures fluid flow indirectly by creating &
measuring a differential pressure by means of a
restriction to the fluid flow

Flowmeter selection
• Velocity Meters
– FLOW is measured inferentially by measuring
VELOCITY through a known AREA.
» With this indirect method, the flow measured is the
volume flow rate, Qv. Stated in its simplest term
» QV = A * v where
⇒A: cross-sectional area of the pipe
⇒v: fluid velocity
» m3/s = m2 * m/s
A reliable flow measurement is dependent upon the correct

measurement of A and v.

Flowmeter selection
• Mass Meters
– Infer the mass flow rate via the equation;
» Qm = Qv * ρ where,
⇒Qm: the mass flow rate
⇒Qv : the volume flow rate
⇒ρ : fluid density
» kg/s = m3/s * kg.m3
– Consist of 2 devices;
» One device will measure fluid velocity
» The other device will measure fluid density

DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 25
Flow Restriction in Line cause a differential Pressure
Line Pressure
(Primary Element)
Orifice Plate
H.P. L.P.
QV= K DP
Constant
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 26
Pressure Flow Controller

Transmitter
FT
FIC
DP volumetric
Control flow
Valve
Primary FE
Element QV= K DP
 Outputs represent true flow only under specified conditions.
Using “constants” in flow equations assumes a static flow
environment.
 For DP flowmeter output to represent true flow,
flow the following
fluid properties must be constant:
➝ Fluid density
➝ Fluid viscosity,
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 27
• For varying fluid density and viscosity

– Compensation is required to represent TRUE flow
QM= K DP*(P/T) Partial

Compensation
Takes care of
Density only
Mass Flow, QM = Volumetric flow * Density

= m
✕3/s * kg/m
✕3
= kg/s

DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 28
Traditionally way of partially compensated DP mass

flow has been accomplished using a “system.”
Pressure
Transmitter Flow Computer
Pressure
(DP) FIC Flow
Transmitter PT FC
(AP) FT Controller
TT Temperature
Transmitter + Control
Sensor Valve
Primary
FE
Element
QM= K DP*(P/T)

DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 29
• 3095 MultivariableTM Flow Transmitter

– 3 Process Sensors used as inputs
to Mass Flow Calculation:
» RTD Temperature Sensor Input
» Differential Pressure Sensor
» Piezoresistive Static Pressure Sensor
QM= N Cd E Y d2 DP*(P/T)
K
These constants takes care of
 velocity of the fluid
 friction of the fluid in contact with the pipe
 viscosity of the fluid
to give a fully compensated dynamic flow measurement
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 30
Discharge Coefficient (Cd)

• Cd is a correction factor to the theoretical equation.
QM= K DP*(P/T) Actual_flow
Cd
Theoretical_flow
Equations for calculating Cd are derived from experimental data.
Cd is a function of beta ratio and Reynolds number, and is different
for each primary element. (Beta ratio = restriction diam. / pipe diam.)
Gas Expansion Factor (Y1)

• Density is NOT constant for gases.
Y 1 f β, k , ∆P , P 1 for Liquids: Y1 1
Cp
✦ k is the isentropic exponent, a k =<1
property of gases: Cv
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 31
Discharge Coefficient vs. RD

Cd
Concentric Square-edge Orifice
CONSTANT
RD
102 103 104 105
LIQUIDS GASES
DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 32
Discharge Coefficient vs. RD & β

Orifice Plate Discharge Coefficients
0.66
0.65
( 4” Flange Taps )
0.64
Beta Values are
Discharge Coefficient
0.63
almost constant
0.62
0.61
0.6
0.59
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
0 5 10 1 10 1.5 10 2 10 2.5 10 3 10 3.5 10 4 10 4.5 10 5 10
Pipe Reynolds Number
Beta = .75
Beta = .6
Beta = .5 Orifice Diam. / Pipe Diam. = Beta
Beta = .4
Beta = .2
→ d/D = β

DP flowmeter
DP Flow Equation 33
Gas Expansion Factor vs. DP

Gas Expansion Factors
1
Gas Expansion Factor
0.95
The higher the line pressure, the

0.9 more constant Gas Expansion
Factor for a variety of DP
0.85
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Differential Pressure (inH2O)
1000 psi
Line 250 psi
Pressure 100 psi
50 psi ( k=1.3, beta = 0.6 )
20 psi

DP flowmeter
Components 34
DP Flow Meters consist of two main components:

Primary - placed in the pipe to restrict the flow.
Orifice, Venturi, nozzle, Pitot-static tube, elbow,
and wedge.
Secondary - measures the differential pressure.
Using well-established conversion

coefficients which depends on the type
of head meter used and the diameter of
the pipe, a measurement of the
differential pressure may be translated
SECONDARY into a volume rate.
PRIMARY

DP flowmeter
Orifice Plate 35
• Simplest and least expensive.

• Constrict fluid flow to produce diff. pressure across the plate.
• Produce high pressure upstream and low pressure
downstream.
• Flow proportional to square of the flow velocity.
• Greater overall pressure loss compared to other primary
devices.
• Cost does not increase significantly with pipe size (advantage).

DP flowmeter
Venturi Tube 36
• Gradually narrows the diameter of pipe.

• Resultant drop in pressure is measured.
• Pressure recovers at the expanding section of the meter.
• For low pressure drop and high accuracy reading applications
• Widely used in large diameter pipes.
High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side
P1 P2
Cross
section Cross section
Area A1 Flow Area A2
Q (Actual) = C x A 1 x A2 2 x ( P1 -P2 )
x
( A12 - A22 ) ρ

DP flowmeter
Flow Nozzle 37
• High velocity flow meter.

• Elliptical restriction of flow at nozzle opening.
• No outlet area for pressure recovery.
• For application where turbulence is high (Re > 50000)
eg.,stream flow at high temperatures.
• Pressure drop falls betw. That of venturi tube and orifice plate
(30-95%)
D D/2
High Pressure Low Pressure
FLOW
D d
NOZZLE
DP flowmeter
Pitot Tube 38
Bernoulli’s energy balance for an

incompressible, non-viscous fluid:
Pf 1 Pf 2
Vf 1 Pf 1 V f 12 Pf 2
ρf
+ =
ρf 2 gc ρf
• Stagnation Pressure Sensing - measures a point velocity.
Theoretical Point Velocity Vf 1 =

(
2 gc Pf 2 − Pf 1 )
ρf
In order to measure accurate flow rate, a pitot traverse is required.

DP flowmeter
Pitot Tube 39
High (Impact) Pressure Tap Low (Static) Pressure Tap
Fluid Flow
High pressure port Static pressure port
• One-point velocity measurement

– accuracy affected by changes in velocity profile
– tube must be moved back & forth in the flow
stream for average measurement
DP flowmeter
Averaging Pitot Tube (Annubar) 40
High Pressure Tap Low Pressure Tap

Sharp Edge
Blunt Blunt
H.P. L.P.
Front Rear
Cross section
of Annubar
Fluid Flow
• Include several measurement ports over the entire

diameter of the pipeline
– more accurate flow measurement than the regular
pitot tube
DP Flowmeter
Pitot Tube 41
• Advantages:
– Can be inserted through a small opening.
– Can sample the velocity at many points.
– Low pressure drop, non-obstrusive.
• Disadvantages:
– Pitot traverse requires a technician, and is time-consuming.
– Pitot tube is fragile (not suited for industrial app.)
– DP signal is low.
– Accuracy depends on the velocity profile.
– Easily plugged by foreign material in the fluid.

DP flowmeter
Wedge Flow Element 42
• inserted in the process pipe

• forms a wedged obstruction on the inner wall of
the pipe
• usually used with remote seals for measuring
– dirty fluids, slurries & fluids at high viscosity (low
RD) that tends to build up or clog orifice plates

DP flowmeter
V-Cone 43
• high accuracy
• normally lab-calibrated
• work equally well with short and long straight pipes
• for customers who have limited room for straight
piping requirements
• can be used with some dirty fluids

Head Meter
Rotameter 44
• Variable-area flowmeters
– float inside the tapered tube rises in response to fluid flow rate
– pressure is higher at the bottom than the top of the tapered tube
– float rests where the dp between upper & lower surfaces of the
float balances the weight of the float
– flowrate read direct from scale or electronically
• commonly used for indication only

Head Meter
Target Meter 45
• A disc is centered in the pipe

with surface positioned at right
angle to the fluid flow.
• Force of the fluid acting against
the target directly measures the
fluid flow rate.
• Requires no external
connections, seals or purge
systems.
• Useful for dirty or corrosive
fluids.

Head Meter
Target Meter 46
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Low cost • Square-root head/flow
relationship
• Easily installed and/or
replaced • High permanent pressure
loss
• No moving parts
• Low accuracy
• Suitable for most gases
• Flow rage normal 4:1
or liquids
• Accuracy affected by wear
• Available in a wide and/or damage of the flow
range of sizes and primary element especially
models with corrosive fluids.

Velocity Meter
Magnetic Flowmeter 47
• Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic

induction. Conductive Variable Flow Rate
Process “V”
• A voltage will be induced in a Medium (Feet Per Second)
SST Tube
conductor moving through a Lining “D” Flange
magnetic field. D
• E = kBDV Sensing “E”
Electrodes
– E = magnitude of induced voltage
– V = velocity of the conductor
– D = width of the conductor
– “E”
B = strength of the magnetic field Field Coils
– k = proportionality constant
Magnetic Field “B”
(Constant Strength)
As the conductive process liquid moves through the field with
average velocity V, the electrodes sense the induced voltage.
Velocity Meter
Magnetic Flowmeter 48
• Obstructionless flow
• Liquid must be
• Unaffected by viscosity, electrically conductive
pressure, temperature and
density • Not suitable for gases
• Good accuracy • Can be expensive,
• No RD constraints particularly in small
• Suitable for slurries and sizes
corrosive, nonlubricating, or • Must be installed so that
abrasive liquids the meter is always full
• Wide rangeability (30:1)

Velocity Meter
Turbine Meter 49
• Consist of multi-blade rotors

supported by bearings and Pickup Probe
enclosed in a pipe section.
perpendicular to fluid flow.
• Fluid flow drives the rotor. Rotor Blades
• Rotor velocity is proportional to FLOW
overall volume flow rate.
• Magnetic lines of flux created by a
magnetic coil outside the meter.
An alternating voltage is produced as each blades cuts the

magnetic lines of flux. Each pulse represents a discrete volume
of liquid.

Velocity Meter
Turbine Meter 50
• High accuracy • Moving parts subject to wear
• Rangeability 10:1 • Can be damaged by
• Very good repeatability overspeeding
• Low pressure drops • High temperature,
overspeeding, corrosion,
• Can be used on high
abrasion and pressure transient
viscosity fluids (but with
can shorten bearing life
lower turndowns)
• Rather expensive
• Filtration required in dirty fluids

Velocity Meter
Vortex Flowmeter 51
• von karman effect (vortex

shedding)
– As fluid pass a bluff body, it
separates and generates small Force on Sensor
eddies/vortices that are shed Sensor
alternately along and behind each
side of the bluff body.
– This vortices cause areas of FLOW
fluctuating pressure that are Pivoting Vortex
Axis Shedder
detected by a sensor. Force
– The frequency of vortex generation Shedder
is directly proportional to fluid Bar
velocity.
Shedder Bar
FLOW
Vortices
Velocity Meter
Vortex Flowmeter 52
• Good accuracy • Not suitable for abrasive or
• Usually wide flow range dirty fluids
• Used with liquids, gases • Straight upstream pipe
and steam required equal to 30 times
• Minimal maintenance (no pipe diameter or longer
moving parts) • Limited by low velocity (RD
• Good linearity over the < 10,000)
working range

Velocity Meter
Ultrasonic Flowmeters 53
• uses sound waves to determine flow rates of fluids.

– Transit-Time Method
» 2 piezoelectric transducers mounted opposing, to focus
sound waves between them at 45° angle to the direction of
flow within a pipe. In a simultaneous measurement in the
opposite direction to fluid flow, a value (determined
electronically) is linearly proportional to the flow rate.
Transmitter
Upstream Transducer Receiver
FLOW
Downstream Transducer

Velocity Meter
• uses sound waves to determine flow rates of fluids.

– Doppler Effect Method
» One of the 2 transducer mounted in the same case on one
side of the pipe transmits sound waves (constant
frequency) into the fluid. Solids or bubbles within the fluid
reflect the sound back to the receiver element. Frequency
difference is directly proportional to the flow velocity in the
pipe.

Velocity Meter
• Non-intrusive, • Maximum temperature 150°C

• Particular fluid conditions are required
obstructionless (TOF-type: clean liquids; Doppler-type:
• Wide rangeability (10:1) particles or impurities in the stream)
• Easy to install (especially • Not very high accuracy (about ±2%)
for clamp-on version) • Doppler flowmeter clamp-on type
requires a pipe of homogeneous
• Cost virtually material (cement or fibreglass linings
independent of pipe size must be avoided)
• The flow measurement is
bi-directional

Mass Meter
Coriolis Meter 56
• Operating Principle
– Uses a obsructionless U-shaped tube as a sensor
– Applies Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion to determine flow rate.
– Force = mass x acceleration
– The flow tube vibrates at its natural frequency by an
electromagnetic drive system.

Mass Meter
Coriolis Meter 57
• Coriolis Effect
– Fluid flowing through the upward moving tube, pushes
downward against the tube.
– Fluid flowing out through the downward moving tube,
pushes upward against the tube.
– The combination of upward and downward resistive forces
causes the sensor tube to twist (coriolis effect).

Mass Meter
Coriolis Meter 58
• Signal Transmission
– The amount the tube twist is proportional to the mass flow
rate of the fluid flowing through it.
– Electromagnetic sensors located at each side of the tube
measures the respective velocity of the vibrating tube at
these points.
– The sensor sends this information to the transmitter which
gives an output signal directly proportional to mass flow
rate.

Mass Meter
Coriolis Meter 59
• High accuracy: ±0.25% • Expensive
• Relatively low pressure • Mounting is critical (no
drops vibration)
• Suitable for liquid and • Heat-tracing is required
gas flow in some applications
• Easy to install
• Flow range (10:1)

Mass Meter
Thermal Meter 60
• Works on the principle of heat transfer by the fluid flow

– Made up o 3 elements arranged along the direction of motion.
» high accurate temperature sensor at upstream
» an electrical heater in between
» high accurate temperature sensor at downstream
– The difference between the two temperature readings is
proportional to the mass flow rate. (if the thermal properties of
the fluid being metered are constant and known).

Mass Meter
Thermal Meter 61
• Meter sensitive to fluid heat
• No moving parts conductivity, viscosity, and specific heat
• Suitable for large size • Mostly gas service (only rare liquid
service)
pipe (insertion type)
• Specific heat of the fluid must be known
• Good rangeability (50:1) and constant i.e. the gas must have a
constant composition
• Accuracy: ±1% FS
• Proper operation requires no heat
• Low permanent pressure losses due to conductive exchanges
losses though the pipe walls

Displacement flowmeter
Oval Gear Meter 62
• An example of positive displacement meter

– Two meshing oval gears rotate as fluid flows through them
– Gears trap a known quantity of fluid as they rotate
– Each complete revolution of both the gears = 4 * amount of
fluid that fills the space between the gear and the meter
body
– volumetric flow rate is directly proportional to the rotational
velocity of the gears

Rosemount flow products
Summary Table 63
Meter Fluids Dirty Viscosity Pipe Maximum Maximum Pressure

Fluids Size Pressure Temp. Loss
DP/Orifice Liquid,Gas,steam No Low-Medium 0.5 - 40in 6000psig Medium-High
MV/Orifice Liquid,Gas,steam No Low-Medium 0.5 - 40in 6000psig Medium-High
MV/Annubar Liquid,Gas,steam Some Low 0.5 - 72+in 6000psig Low
Magmeter Conductive Fluids Yes Any 0.2 - 36in 1400psig 175°C Very Low
Vortex Liquid,Gas,steam Some Low-Medium 0.5 - 8in 1400psig Low
Coriolis All Yes Any 0.5 - 6in 4000psig 200°C High*
Turbine Liquid,Gas,steam No Low-Medium 0.5 - 24in 6000psig 200°C High

Exercise 64
1. Which of the following would generally provide the best turndown ?

(A) DP - Orifice Plate (C) Magnetic Flowmeter
(B) V.A.Meter (D) Turbine Meter
Which of the following directly measures mass flow rate, and which
volume flow rate. Indicate “M” or “V”
2. Magnetic Flowmeter [ ]
3. Vortex Meter [ ]
4. Coriolis Meter [ ]
5. Non-compensated DP Flowmeter [ ]
6. Fully-compensated DP Flowmeter [ ]

Exercise 65
7. The following flowmeters all create some pressure loss. Number

them in order, beginning with that which create the least loss.
(A) Venturi tube [ ]
(B) Positive displacement meter [ ]
(C) Magnetic flowmeter [ ]
(D) Vortex Meter [ ]
(E) Annubar [ ]
(F) Orifice plate [ ]

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Level 1 1

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Topics: Slide No:

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

• Flow Loop Issues:

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Density: ρ ( rho) = m/V = mass/volume

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Density of liquid at process temperature

Density of water at 15.6°C

Molecular Weight of gas

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Absolute pressure Absolute temperature

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

• Flow Profile Pipe Wall

Lower velocity at the edge

Higher velocity in the middle

Lower velocity at the edge

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

• Reynolds number defines the state of fluid flow

Laminar Transition Turbulent

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

• Texture of inner walls

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

• Flow Profile Disturbance

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Volumetric Flow Rate

Std - reference to 14.696 psi Atm. at 68 deg.F

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Mass Flow Rate

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Mass Volumetric Head

Coriolis Meter Velocity Positive DP Flow Target

Magnetic Oval Annubar

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

A reliable flow measurement is dependent upon the correct

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Flow Restriction in Line cause a differential Pressure

Pressure Flow Controller

• For varying fluid density and viscosity

QM= K DP*(P/T) Partial

Mass Flow, QM = Volumetric flow * Density

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Traditionally way of partially compensated DP mass

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

• 3095 MultivariableTM Flow Transmitter

Discharge Coefficient (Cd)

Gas Expansion Factor (Y1)

Discharge Coefficient vs. RD

Discharge Coefficient vs. RD & β

RMT Training - 05 /98 Level 1 - Flow

Gas Expansion Factor vs. DP