Quiz # 1

1. The “hole” in the ozone layer is now known to

be caused by CFCs used in ______
2. The Beijing Protocol was signed in 2001 to
regulate CFC emissions in the atmosphere
T____ F______
3. HCFC-22 contributes to both global warming
and thinning of ozone and is now heavily
used by the ________to make __________
The Rise of Industrial
Society

 Harnessing new energy sources, linking modern

society to carbon and steam (and eventually global
warming).

 James Watt and the invention of the steam engine-

1769.

 Late 18th century, first concerns about “smoke

nuisance”
Making Taller Chimneys: Throw the Stuff
Higher in the Air!

 “….to convey the noxious gases to such a height that

they shall be so intermingled with the atmosphere as
not to be injurious to health” 1855.

 1846- 1853: more than 100 new tall chimneys a year

in London. “Hell is a city much like London-a populous
and smoky city”

 Charles Dickens Hard Times (1854)…” a river that ran

purple with ill-smelling dye’
 Widespread Industrial Pollution

 The waters of the river Calder could be used as

grey ink in the 1860s.

 In the same decade children routinely amused

themselves by setting fire to the waters of the
Bradford Canal.

 In 1936, the waters of the Trent were lethal to all

animal and plant life for a stretch of 130 miles.
The Rise of Oil

 For centuries a black fluid bubbled to the surface.

Skimmed off by Native Americans for medicines,
dyes, and weatherproofing teepees.

 1824-salt drillers in Kentucky run out of town

because they hit oil and made a “foul mess”.

 Rising expense and demand for whale oil.

 1859-Oil City, PA “They’ve struck oil”….a liquid fossil

fuel millions of years in creation. More ancient
carbon emissions into the atmosphere.
John D. Rockefeller and the Rise of
Standard Oil
• Belgian Inventor in 1860
developed first internal
combustion engine-Etiene
Lenoir.
• Otto Daimler and Karl Benz,
German inventors, by 1889
developed new versions for
automobiles.
• Internal combustion engine
became single largest factor in
making petroleum the most
important energy source in the
world.
• made John D. Rockefeller the
first billionaire.
 Automobiles: Solving One Problem
(Horse Manure) and Creating
Another (Global Warming)
Street sweepers praised
the automobile for
making their job easier:
less manure to pick up
and cart, fewer stables
and manure pits, and not
as many animal
carcasses to dispose of.
Forcing the Market: Eliminate Public
Transportaton

 General Motors, Standard Oil

of California, Firestone Tire
and Rubber joined forces to
buy up rail and trolley lines in
cities across the countries
and then tear up the tracks.

 At the same time, public

funds were used to build
“freeways” because now
everyone had to have a car
 Suburbunization of America
made possible by the car

 Huge expansion of
suburbia after
World War II

 Made it necessary
for everyone to
have TWO cars
Automobiles, the Environment and
Global Warming

Environmental impacts start with

mineral extraction and the production
of the raw materials that go into the
parts of a car.
For example, iron ore gets turned into
steel, which now accounts for most of
the mass in vehicles.
But steel can be recycled, and on
average, today's automobiles are
about 75 percent recyclable, and using
recycled steel helps reduce energy
use and pollution
Other automobile components

 Other metal components, such as aluminum (used

in some engine parts and wheels, for example) and
copper (used for wiring) are also largely recycled.

 The lead and acid in batteries are poisonous and

dangerous. But batteries can be recycled, if they
are returned to a service station, a parts store, or
brought to a municipal hazardous waste facility.

 Plastics, which are mostly made from petroleum,

are more difficult to recycle.

 Some degree of pollution is associated with all of

these components, much of it due to the energy
consumption, air pollution, and releases of toxic
substances that occur when automobiles are
manufactured and distributed.
In 2002 there were 590 million cars in
the world. That is one for every ten
people. There are 140 million cars in the
United States and 55 million in Japan.
This contrasts with just nine million cars
in China and 6 million in India.
15% of the world’s people own 76% of the
world’s cars.
 Designing our way out of the problem

“You know you are in a

stagnant industry when the
big product innovation of the
past decade is more cup
holders” Hunter et al. 1999
The Modern Car: The Efficiency
Problem

The Problem:
 At least 80% of the fuel
consumed is lost through
exhaust and engine heat.
 95% of the energy used to
move the car, 95% moves the
car, 5% moves the driver.
 Thus, 1% of the energy
consumed moves the driver.
 The vehicle is about 20x heavier than the
driver, and the engine about 10x larger
than is required for most driving.
 The large engine is required to
accelerate the heavy vehicle
The Hyper Car: Amory Lovins
Concept

 the problem is the use of steel

“Steel is a splendid material if
weight is an unimportant or
advantageous factor, but in a
car, weight is neither”
 Carbon fiber composites
(carbon, Kevlar, glass, and
other fibers) can cut weight by
half or a third.
 Steamlining: make the
underside as smooth as the
top.
 .
 Doubled-efficiency tires already on the
market.
 Can cut by half or more the power
needed to move car and passengers.
 Cuts the weight of a Ford Taurus from
3,140 lbs to 1,300 lbs
 Reduces the need for other components based on weight.
 Indy 500 cars are currently made of carbon fiber
composites, and can withstand crashes with less injury.
 Currently expensive but more investment would bring the
price down, already used in other industries, like boats
 Replace the current complex mechanical systems with
solid state electronics and software.
 An immediate benefit would be that the twenty or so most
frequent mechanical causes of breakdowns would no
longer be components of the car at all
 Big automakers start with two major disadvantages: 1)
they are big and 2) they are automakers
 Hypercars will more resemble computers with wheels
than cars with chips.