PROTEIN
LEKOSIT
(7%)
LAIN-LAIN
TROMBOSIT
(1,5%)
Darah - 1
Pasokan Bahan Makanan dan oksigen
dibawa ke jaringan oleh darah, dan
limbahnya dibuang.
Darah membantu menyamakan suhu tubuh
dengan menyebar rata kalor yang dihasilkan
oleh sel aktif.
Darah membawa hormon yang membantu
mengkoordinasi kegiatan pada berbagai
organ tubuh.
Antibodi dan sel yang melawan infeksi juga
merupakan komponen penting dari darah.
Darah - 2
Di dalam darah terdapat sel darah merah (eritrosit),
sel darah putih (Leukosit), dan trombosit.
Eritrosit membawa oksigen ke jaringan dan
membuang CO2. Leukosit memerangi bakteri
dengan menelan dan mencernanya. Trombosit
berperan dalam pembekuan darah. Ke-3 nya
disebut Unsur bentukan dari darah.
Plasma adalah darah tak beku jika unsur
bentukannya telah dipisahkan. Plasma mengandung
zat pembeku dan protein lain, serta berbagai garam
dan glukosa. Jika seluruh darah dibiarkan dalam
tabung reaksi, darah membeku.
Darah - 3
Serum adalah cairan berwarna kuning yang
terpisah dari bekuan. Serum tidak
mengandung unsur bentukan dan zat
pembeku.
Protein plasma adalah fibrinogen, albumin,
globulin, dan lipoprotein.
Hemoglobin
Lipoprotein α1 65.000
Albumin 200.000
Lipoprotein α1 69.000
1.300.000
Fibrinogen, 400.000
Darah - 4
Fibrinogen penting sekali untuk pembekuan.
Albumin membantu mempertahankan volume
plasma dengan meningkatkan tekanan osmosis
darah. Jika konsentrasi albumin serum terlalu
rendah, tekanan osmosis darah tidak dapat
dipertahankan. Air mengalir dari darah ke jaringan.
Karena gaya gravitasi, kelebihan cairan jaringan
sering berkumpul pada kaki dan tangan,
mengakibatkan pembengkakan atau edema.
Globulin melaksanakan berbagai fungsi. Globulin
gamma adalah antibodi. Globulin 1 membantu
pengangkutan ion logam seperti besi dan tembaga.
Darah - 5
Lipoprotein membawa lipid dalam aliran
darah, dan kebanyakan lipid plasma
kedapatan berhubungan dengan nya.
Hemoglobin(Hb) tidak terdapat dalam
plasma, tetapi tidak dapat diabaikan karena
Hb pembawa oksigen dan CO2 dalam darah.
Hb terkemas didalam eritrosit. Setiap eritrosit
berisi sekitar 70 juta molekul Hb.
Gambar Hemoglobin
Struktur hemoglobin
HB
MYOGLOBIN DAN HEME
Globular Protein - Structure
Globular proteins have no systematic structures.
There may be single chains, two or more chains
which interact in the usual ways or there may be
portions of the chains with helical structures, pleated
structures, or completely random structures.
Globular proteins are relatively spherical in shape
as the name implies. Common globular proteins
include egg albumin, hemoglobin, myoglobin,
insulin, serum globulins in blood, and many
enzymes.
Globular Protein - Structure
Myoglobin and hemoglobin are much alike in their
action toward oxygen. All body cells require oxygen
for metabolism, but unfortunately, oxygen is non-
polar and not soluble in the aqueous blood. The
problem then becomes, how do you get oxygen to
the tissue cells?
Hemoglobin is used to transport oxygen in the blood
in red blood cells to tissue cells where it is used
directly. Myoglobin is present in skeletal muscles as
an extra storage protein to enable muscles cells to
have a readily available supply of oxygen.
HEME
Hemoglobin and myoglobin both a have group
called "heme", which is at the heart of the protein
structure. The molecular structure is shown in the
left graphic. It is made from a a series of nitrogen
five member cyclic rings, that are further joined to
each other by more rings.
At the center of the heme group is the iron +2 metal
ion. The nitrogen atoms bind to the iron ion through
what are called coordinate covalent bonds. This
means that ,unlike normal covalent bonds where
each atom contributes one electron for the bond,
that the nitrogen contributes both electrons for the
coordinate covalent bond. The oxygen molecule will
ultimately bind to this iron ion also using a
coordinate covalent bond.
Hemoglobin
The structure for hemoglobin is very similar to
myoglobin except that it has a quaternary structure
due to the presence of four protein chain subunits.
Actually, there are two pairs of similar chains - two
alpha types and two beta types. Each protein chain
subunit contains a heme group with the iron
attached. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to a
total of four oxygen molecules.
Individually, each of the chains is not that much
different than that of myoglobin, so the same
principles apply that were discussed previously. The
diatomic oxygen molecules are shown bonded to
the heme group.
Hemoglobin