DENGAN MELAZIMI
PUASA
bahan bakar, sedangkan kadar glucagon naik saat status puasa dan
memacu pelepasan cadarangan bahan bakar.
METABOLIC FUELS AND DIETARY COMPONENTS
b. Proteins 4 kcal/g.
d. Alcohol 7 kcal/g.
muscle
(b) Glycerol from breakdown of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue
source)
Production of ketone bodies by the liver
a. As glucagon levels rise, adipose tissue breaks down
its triacylglycerol stores into fatty acids and glycerol,
which are released into the blood.
b. Through the process of a-oxidation, the liver
converts the fatty acids to acetyl CoA.
c. Acetyl CoA is used by the liver for the synthesis of
the ketone bodies, acetoacetate and
ahydroxybutyrate.
The liver cannot oxidize ketone bodies, and hence
releases them into the blood.
Adipose tissue during fasting
1. As glucagon levels rise, adipose triacylglycerol
stores are mobilized. The triacylglycerol is degraded
to three free fatty acids and glycerol, which enter the
circulation. The liver converts the fatty acids to
ketone bodies and the glycerol to glucose.
2. Tissues such as muscle oxidize the fatty acids to
CO2 and H2O.
Muscle during fasting
1. Degradation of muscle protein
a. During fasting, muscle protein is degraded, producing
amino acids, which are partially metabolized by muscle and
released into the blood, mainly as alanine and glutamine.
b. Tissues, such as gut and kidney, metabolize the
glutamine.
c. The products (mainly alanine and glutamine) travel to
the liver, where the carbons are converted to glucose or
ketone bodies and the nitrogen is converted to urea.
2. Oxidation of fatty acids and ketone bodies
a. During fasting, muscle oxidizes fatty acids
released from adipose tissue and ketone bodies
produced by the liver.
b. During exercise, muscle can also use its own
glycogen stores as well as glucose, fatty acids, and
ketone bodies from the blood.
In starvation (prolonged fasting), muscle decreases
its use of ketone bodies. As a result, ketone body
levels rise in the blood, and the brain uses them for
energy. Consequently, the brain needs less glucose,
and gluconeogenesis slows down, sparing muscle
protein. This occurs after approximately 3 to 4 days
of starvation.
These changes in the fuel utilization patterns of
various tissues enable us to survive for extended
periods of time without food.
Metabolic changes in starvation
When the body enters the starved state, after 3 to 5 days of fasting, changes
occur in the use of fuel stores.
1. Muscle decreases its use of ketone bodies and oxidizes fatty acids as its
primary energy source.
2. Because of the decreased use by muscle, blood ketone body levels rise.
3. The brain then takes up and oxidizes the ketone bodies to derive energy.
Consequently, the brain decreases its use of glucose, although glucose is still
a major fuel for the brain.
4. Liver gluconeogenesis decreases.
5. Muscle protein is spared (i.e., less muscle protein is degraded to provide
amino acids for gluconeogenesis).
6. Because of decreased conversion of amino acids to glucose, less urea is
produced from amino acid nitrogen in starvation than after an overnight fast.
B. Fat: the primary fuel
The body uses its fat stores as its primary source of
energy during starvation, conserving functional
protein.
1. Overall, fats are quantitatively the most
important fuel in the body.
2. The length of time that a person can survive
without food depends mainly on the amount of fat
stored in the adipose tissue.
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MANFAAT PUASA RAMADAN BAGI
KESEHATAN
Secara fisiologis, puasa Islami memberikan model puasa
yang unik. Hal ini berbeda dari puasa sukarelawan atau
eksperimental di mana para pengamat puasa tidak
minum selama jam-jam puasa. Selain itu, puasa
Ramadhan bukan hanya mendisiplinkan tubuh untuk
menahan diri dari makan dan minum. Mata, telinga,
lidah, dan bahkan seluruh tubuh, sama-sama diwajibkan
untuk dikekang/ dikendalikan. Oleh karena itu, orang
dapat berasumsi bahwa perubahan fisiologis yang terjadi
selama puasa Islami akan berbeda dari puasa
eksperimental.
Dampak Puasa Ramadhan pada Metabolisme
Karbohidrat
Neuropsychiatric Function
Changes in Body Weight
Endocrine Glands
Pregnancy and Lactation
Pregnancy and Lactation