YY
Ns. Kasmad, MKep
Definisi
Hipersensitivitas adalah suatu reaksi yang tidak
diharapkan dari respon imun tubuh.
Rx Imun yang patologic, terjadi akibat respon
imun yang berlebihan sehingga menimbulkan
kerusakan jaringan tubuh
I. PEMBAGIAN REAKSI HIPERSENSITIFITAS
MENURUT WAKTU
PEMBAGIAN HIPERSENSITIVITAS MENURUT
WAKTU
I. Rx CEPAT
(hives)
Allergies
Immune Delayed-type hypersensitivity
complex
disease
Reaksi Hipersensitivitas tipe I
Reaksi Hipersensitivitas tipe cepat atau anafilaktik
Diperantarai IgE
Alergenproduksi IgE berikatan spesifik dengan reseptor di
permukaan sel mast dan basofil tersensitisasi
Kontak berikutnya sederetan reaksi biokimia degranulasi dan
pelepasan mediator2 (histamin, leukotrien dan sitokin) reaksi alergi
15-30 menit setelah terpapar antigen, kadang keterlambatan (10-12 jam)
Dapat melibatkan kulit (urtikaria dan eksema), mata (konjungtivitis),
nasofaring (rinitis), jaringan bronkopulmoner (asma), dan GI tract
(gastroenteritis)
Reaksi Hipersensitivitas tipe I……….
Contoh: reaksi anafilaksis terhadap bisa hewan, hay fever, urtikaria akibat
makanan, dermatitis atopik, rhinitis alergika, konjungtivitis, asma, dll
Gejala : ketidaknyamanan ringan sampai kematian
Berat ringan gejala dipengaruhi :
antibodi IgE
jumlah alergen
faktor-faktor lain yang dapat meningkatkan respon (infeksi virus
dan polutan)
Urutan kejadian rx Tipe I :
tryptase proteolysis
Terapi:
Antihistamin, adrenalin, bronkodilator, kortikosteroid,
menghindari paparan alergen dan immunoterapi
Skin test for allergy
Ragweed
Control negative (saline)
Control positve (histamine)
CAUSES MECHANISM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Antigen Increased
Ingestants Blood
Food Capillary dilation Volume
Drugs Release of
Pollens Allergen chemical
Dusts interacts mediators :
with Histamine Increased Exudation of
Molds Cell, fluid protein
IgE on mast cell SRS-A Capillary
Kinins permebiality
Injectants
Drugs Prostaglandins Pressure of
Stings exudate
Vaccines
Serum
Nerve
irritation
Constriction
of smooth
muscle
Respiratory
Respiratory tract
tract
1.1. Upper
Upper“sinus
“sinus headache”
headache” Allergic rhinitis
itching
itchingofofeyeseyes
tearing,
tearing,sneezing,
sneezing,
watery nasal discharge,
watery nasal discharge,
itching of nose, Conjunctivitis
itching
throat of nose,
irritation
throatwheezing,
2. Lungs irritation dyspnea,
2. dryLungs
cough, wheezing,
tightness dyspnea,
in chest
dry cough, tightness in chest
Asthma
Gastrointestinal
Glossitis, cardiospasm
Nausea, vomitting
Irritable bowel Food allergies
Diarrhea, pruritus ani
Terapi:
Anti-inflamasi
Reaksi Hipersensitivitas Tipe IV
tipe seluler atau tipe lambat (delayed type hypersensitivity)
> 12 jam
Contoh klasik: reaksi tuberkulin (Mantoux) yang memuncak
48 jam setelah injeksi antigen
Contoh lain: dermatitis kontak, penyakit autoimun dan infeksi
seperti tuberkulosis, lepra, granulomatosa, toksoplasmosis,
dll
Biological effects of Eosinophil
mediators
Late stage of an allergic response includes the
recruitment of eosinophils and Th2 cells contrast with
lymphocytes, intradermal
tuberculin 48-72 hr local induration monocytes, (tuberculin,
macrophages lepromin, etc.)
persistent antigen or
macrophages, foreign body
granuloma 21-28 days hardening epitheloid and giant presence
cells, fibrosis (tuberculosis,
leprosy, etc.)
Mekanisme perusakan melibatkan limfosit T dan monosit
dan/atau makrofag
Sel t sitotoksik (Tc) menyebabkan kerusakan langsung
sedangkan sel T helper (TH1) mensekresi sitokin
aktivasi Tc, makrofag serta monosit kerusakan
Diagnosis:
Mantoux test dan patch test
Terapi:
- Kortikosteroid dan agen imunosupresif
Tes Mantoux
CAUSES MECHANISM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL
EXAMPLES
Antigen
Release of : Contact
Lymphokines dermatitis
Tuberculin Sensitized Injury and
Migration inhibition Graft vs host
Poison Ivy Lymphocyte destruction of
factor reactions
Chemical reacts with target organ
Interferon Viral infection
Fungi antigen
Killer cells Autoallergic
Transplanted
Transfer factor disease
organs
Virus