Diskusi Topik - Vaskular 2
Diskusi Topik - Vaskular 2
Emboli Paru
Oleh: Ayu T, Kristo BPS, Nurul P
Narasumber: dr. Suko Adiarto, SpJP
(K), PhD
Trombosis Vena Dalam
Anatomi
Kebanyakan kasus
trombosis vena
dalam terjadi di
ekstremitas bawah
Margiana R. Anatomi jantung dan pembuluh darah [slide]. Presented on 2014. Cited on May 16, 2017.
Anatomi (2)
Pounds LL and Killewich LA. Venous physiology. In Rutherford vascular surgery. 8 th ed. Elsavier
saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 150-62.
Katup Vena
• Mencegah aliran darah dari proksimal ke distal
• Ditemukan di tubuh, paling banyak di
ekstremitas
• Katup vena bikuspid
Pounds LL and Killewich LA. Venous physiology. In Rutherford vascular surgery. 8 th ed. Elsavier
saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 150-62.
Definisi
• Trombosis Vena Dalam (TVD): hambatan
aliran vena tungkai atau lengan ke jantung
akibat adanya trombus di lumen vena dalam.
Knepper JP and Wakefield TW. Deep venous thrombosis: pathophysiology and natural
history. In Rutherford vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page:
744-60.
Epidemiologi
• Masalah tromboemboli vena signifikan di USA
900.000 kasus baik dari trombosis vena
dalam dan emboli paru
• 300.000 kematian per tahun
• Persebaran usia lebih dari 40 tahun
• Rasio laki-laki dan perempuan 1,2 : 1
• Populasi asian dan hispanic risiko 2,5-4 kali
lebih tinggi
Knepper JP and Wakefield TW. Deep venous thrombosis: pathophysiology and natural
history. In Rutherford vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page:
744-60.
Etiologi
Virchow Triad
Rusak Dapatan
Knepper JP and Wakefield TW. Deep venous thrombosis: pathophysiology and natural
history. In Rutherford vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page:
744-60.
Faktor Risiko
• Genetik kelaianan • Konsumsi obat
pembekuan darah kontrasepsi
• Tidur atau tidak • Merokok
bergerak dalam waktu • Kanker
yang lama • Gagal jantung
• Duduk dalam waktu • Usia
yang lama
• Riwayat keluarga
• Kehamilan
• Obesitas
Knepper JP and Wakefield TW. Deep venous thrombosis: pathophysiology and natural
history. In Rutherford vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page:
744-60.
Patogenesis
Hanke PK. Venous pathology. In Rutherford vascular surgery. 8 th ed. Elsavier saunders:
Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 163-8.
Jalur Koagulasi
Petel K. Deep venous thrombosis [internet]. Updated March 30, 2016. Cited on May 16, 2017.
Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview
Patofisiologi (2)
Manifestasi Klinis
Edema Nyeri pada tungkai
Petel K. Deep venous thrombosis [internet]. Updated March 30, 2016. Cited on May 16, 2017.
Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview
Diagnosis
• Anamnesis
(Keluhan nyeri saat beraktivitas atau
istirahat)
• Pemeriksaan Fisik
• Pemeriksaan Penunjang
1. Pemeriksaan laboratorium
2. Pemeriksaan Radiologi
Lurie F and Paolini D. Deep venous thrombosis: clinical and diagnostic evaluation. In Rutherford
vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 762-70.
Pendekatan Klinis
1. Wells Score Prediksi trombosis vena dalam
2. Pemeriksaan D-Dimer
3. Ultrasonografi
4. Jika suspek emboli paru:
• Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan
• CT scan toraks
• Pulmonary angiography
Lurie F and Paolini D. Deep venous thrombosis: clinical and diagnostic evaluation. In Rutherford
vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 762-70.
Wells Score
Lurie F and Paolini D. Deep venous thrombosis: clinical and diagnostic evaluation. In Rutherford
vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 762-70.
Wells Score
Lurie F and Paolini D. Deep venous thrombosis: clinical and diagnostic evaluation. In Rutherford
vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 762-70.
Wells Score
Lurie F and Paolini D. Deep venous thrombosis: clinical and diagnostic evaluation. In Rutherford
vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 762-70.
Wells Score
• Kunjungi https://
www.mdcalc.com/wells-criteria-dvt
D-Dimer
Petel K. Deep venous thrombosis [internet]. Updated March 30, 2016. Cited on May 16, 2017.
Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview
Antikoagulan
• Antikoagulan digunakan sebagai terapi lini
utama
• Diberikan selama 3-12 bulan
• Heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin,
Warfarin, NOACs
• Pemberian antikoagulan memiliki risiko
perdarahan
Petel K. Deep venous thrombosis [internet]. Updated March 30, 2016. Cited on May 16, 2017.
Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview
Trombolisis
• Melarutkan trombus yang terbentuk
• Bermanfaat jika trombus masih baru, kurang
lebih 7 hari
• Jenis obat: Streptokinase, Urokinase, dan
Tissue Plasminogen Activator
• Efek samping: perdarahan, bradikardi, mual
dan muntah.
Petel K. Deep venous thrombosis [internet]. Updated March 30, 2016. Cited on May 16, 2017.
Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview
Trombektomi
• Salah satu teknik intervensi pada trombus
• Bengkaknya masif dan daerah trombusnya
luas
• Membuka vena femoral dan saphenofemoral
junction dengan insisi
• Masukkan kateter dan mengambil bekuan
darah
Comerota AJ and Aziz F. Deep venous thrombosis: surgical and interventional treatment. In
Rutherford vascular surgery. 8th ed. Elsavier saunders: Philadelpia; 2014. Page: 792-803.
Trombektomi
Petel K. Deep venous thrombosis [internet]. Updated March 30, 2016. Cited on May 16, 2017.
Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview
Komplikasi
• Emboli paru
• Kekambuhan trombosis vena dalam
• Sindrom post-trombosis
Petel K. Deep venous thrombosis [internet]. Updated March 30, 2016. Cited on May 16, 2017.
Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview
Emboli Paru
Definisi
• Peristiwa infark jaringan paru
akibat tersumbatnya arteri
pulmonalis oleh peristiwa emboli
• Emboli paru biasanya muncul dari
trombus yang berasal dari sistem
vena dalam dari ekstremitas
bawah, jarang juga berasal dari
ginjal, pembuluh darah ekstremitas
atas, atau ventrikel kanan
Belohlavek J, Dytrych V and Linhart A. Pulmonary Embolism. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2013 Spring; 18(2): 129–138.
Etiologi dan Faktor risiko
Liang F, Creager MA. The peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, editor. Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and
faculty. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2016.
Patogenesis
Trombus arteri
• Kerusakan dinding pembuluh arteri (lapisan intima)
Trombus Vena
• Aliran darah vena yang lambat, pembekuan darah kerusakan
endotel
• Bisa berasal dari pecahan trombus vena makin lama
bertambah besar oleh tumpukan trombus yang kecil-kecil
• Stasis mempercepat terbentuknya trombus yang lebih besar
• Kerusakan dinding pembuluh vena
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of
internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Patogenesis (2)
• Aktivasi faktor-faktor koagulan
– Kolagen, endotoksin, prokoagulan jaringan
malignan
– Tromboplastin dilepaskan ke dalam peredaran
darah dan pembekuan darah intravaskular
(trombus) mudah terjadi persalinan, operasi
dan trauma
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of
internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Patogenesis (3)
• Komplikasi DVT
– Trombus lepas aliran darah vena ke jantung
kanan tersangkut sirkulasi pulmonal beberapa
cabang arteri pulmonalis obstruksi total atau
sebagian
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of
internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Patogenesis (4)
Gangguan Hemodinamik Gangguan Respirasi
• Vasokonstriksi • Brokokonstriksi
• Refleks neurohumoral dan • Refleks brokokonstriksi bagian
aktif permukaan paru berkurang,
vasokonstriksi pada cabang
pengeluaran histamin dan 5
yang terkena hidroksi isoptamin
• Peningkatan RSV dan pada • Wasted ventilation (dead space),
kasus berat hipertensi ventilasi paru tidak efektif
pulmonal gagal jantung • Hilang atau menurunnya
kanan surfaktan paru pada alveoli
stabilitas enurun atelektasis
• Hipoksemia arterial
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of
internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Klasifikasi
ESC. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu283
Diagnosis
Anamnesis
ESC. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu283
Diagnosis
Pemeriksaan Fisik
• Dyspnea with moderate exertion, takikardia, distensi vena
leher, paradoxical bradikardia
• Dada terasa tidak nyaman
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of
internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Diagnosis - Pemeriksaan Penunjang
• DPL : Leukositosis dan LED sedikit tinggi
• Kimia darah :emboli paru masif SGOT, LDH dan CPK meningkat. FDP
meningkat
• D-dimer ELISA meningkat >500 ng/mL
• AGD : PaO2 rendah (hipoksemia), PaCO2 dibawah 40 mmHg
kompensasi hiperventilasi sekunder
• EKG : sinus takikardia, new-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter; and an S wave
in lead I, a Q wave in lead III, and an inverted T wave in lead III, QRS axis >
90, T-wave inversion V1-V4, RV strain
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of
internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Diagnosis – Pemeriksaan Penunjang (2)
• MR (Contrast-Enhanced)
• Echocardiography
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of
internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Algoritma Diagnosis
ESC. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu283
Algoritma Diagnosis
ESC. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu283
Diagnosis Banding
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of
internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Tatalaksana
• Hemodinamik
– Oksigen 2-4 L/menit
– IV line
– Intubasi jika diperlukan
• Antikoagulan
• Trombolitik
– Trombolitik diindikasikan pada
emboli paru masif dan submasif –
– Streptokinase 1,5 juta U diberikan
dalam 1jam atau - rt-PA100mg IV
dalam 2 jam atau
– Urokinase 4400/kgBB/jam dalam 12
jam
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 16th
ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia. Emboli Paru. 2015
Tatalaksana
• Inferior Vena Cava Filters
• Embolektomi – Ada perdarahan yang memerlukan
– Dilakukan bila ada kontra indikasi transfusi
heparinisasi/trombolitik pada emboli – Emboli paru berulang meskipun telah
paru masif dan submasif menggunakan anti-koagulan jangka
panjang
Cronenwett, J. L. Johnston, W. Rutherford’s Vascular Surgery. 8th edition. USA: Elsevier Saunders. 2014.
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia. Emboli Paru. 2015
Tatalaksana
Cronenwett, J. L. Johnston, W. Rutherford’s Vascular Surgery. 8th edition. USA: Elsevier Saunders. 2014.
Tatalaksana
Cronenwett, J. L. Johnston, W. Rutherford’s Vascular Surgery. 8th edition. USA: Elsevier Saunders. 2014.
Pencegahan
Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine,
16th ed. New York (NY): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
Referensi
• Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia. Emboli Paru. 2015
• Scanlon VC, Sanders T. Essentials of anatomy and physiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia:
F.A. Davis Company; 2007.
• Belohlavek J, Dytrych V and Linhart A. Pulmonary Embolism. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2013
Spring; 18(2): 129–138.
• Goldhaber SG. Tromboembolism Pulmonary In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et
al, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 16th ed. New York (NY): The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2004-2005. chp244, p1561-1564
• ESC. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary
embolism. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu283
• Cronenwett, J. L. Johnston, W. Rutherford’s Vascular Surgery. 8th edition. USA:
Elsevier Saunders. 2014.
• Liang F, Creager MA. The peripheral vasculature. In: Lilly LS, editor. Pathophysiology
of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. 6th ed.
Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2016.