Previous Era: Age of Exploration Era: Colonization Following Era:Road to Revolution

“For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if
we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken ... we shall be made a story and a by-
word throughout the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God ... We
shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses
upon us til we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going.” - John Winthrop from "A Model of
Christian Charity,” 1630

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. Using North America for 1. Christopher Columbus

resources and trade. 1. Jamestown Colony
(ESPECIALLY TOBACCO) 2. William Penn established by the British

2.Competition with other colonies
and imperial powers (ie, Spain
and France)
3. Pilgrimage/ Religious Freedom
4. Church, Covenant and
Conformity
3. King James I of England 2. Beginning of Slave Trade
(to Jamestown by Dutch)
4. William Penn
3. Bacon’s Rebellion
5. Charles I
4. Cultivation of Tobacco
5. Puritan Revolution

5. Servant Labor System

As Europe grew and flourished, they looked for other lands to use for resources and trade. North America was “found” by Christopher Columbus on accident
while he was trying to sail to the West Indies. Various European powers started to settle North America. People flocked to the new lands in order to establish
vast farmlands, which were scarce in Europe, and people also left their homelands for the New World in pursuit of religious freedom. The Mayflower landed at
Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts and established the Plymouth Plantation colony. They were a group of Protestants that sought religious freedom from the
oppressive Church of England that only recognized Catholicism. As the colonies grew, they became distinctive independent bodies, grouped into 3 main
categories, the Southern Colonies, the Middle Colonies and the New England Colonies. The New England colonies were the center of pilgrimage and had an
economy based on a merchant class and trade. The middle colonies were a mix of the northern and southern colonies ways of life. The southern colonies were
based on plantation farming and trade. They had slaves working in their fields in higher proportion than the north. The people who moved to the south were
more interested in trade and money than the religious and social freedoms that drew people to the north.

Study Stack Chapter 3, Chapter 4 Chapter 5

 Previous Era: Colonization Era Following Era: American Revolution
Road To Revolution
“If at length it becomes undoubted that an inveterate resolution is formed to annihilate the liberties of the
governed, the English history affords frequent examples of resistance by force. What particular circumstances
will in any future case justify such resistance can never be ascertained till they happen. Perhaps it may be
allowable to say generally, that it never can be justifiable until the people are fully convinced that any further
submission will be destructive to their happiness.” John Dickinson from “Letters From a Farmer in
Pennsylvania”

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events
1. As time passed in the colonies,
they became more independent 1. Samuel Adams
from Britain and more 1. The Intolerable Acts and
accustomed to their own way of 2. Benjamin Franklin others.
life, thus creating patriotism
towards their new lands instead of 3. King George III 2. Seven Year’s War
their homelands.
4. General Thomas Gage 3. Nonconsumption and
2. Taxation without representation Daughters and Sons of
5. George Washington Liberty
3. Violent resistance to the British
starts to swell 4. First Continental Congress

4. Colonists angered at the 5. Boston Tea Party and

authority given to the british army, Boston Massacre
felt it was unfair.

5. British felt that they did have

authority over the colonists

50 Word Summary

Prior to the Seven Years War, Americans were loyal to British. Albany Plan of Union was devised to unite colonies and protect them from Indians. It was rejected
by the colonists. After the war, many new taxes and acts were imposed on Americans to help pay for the war debt. Americans got angry, because they had no
representation in Britain. Americans start to boycott and protest, British only tighten grip. First continental congress formed to unify colonies against British taxes
and rules. It is the beginning of the separation from Britain.

Study Stack
Chapter 6
 Previous Era: Road to Revolution Era: American Following Era: The Early Republic

Revolution
“When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political Picture
bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the
separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the
separation.” -Declaration of Independence

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. Olive Branch Petition 1. King George III

2. Patriotism, Loyalism,
Neutralism
3. Declaration of the Causes
and Necessity of Taking Up
Arms
4. Patriots would harm
loyalists, often tarring and
feathering them. Neutrals could
be bought.
2. George Washington
3. Thomas Paine
4. British General
Cornwallis
5. Benedict Arnold
1. Second Continental
Congress
2. Lexington and Concord
3. Battle of Saratoga
4. Alliance With France
5. Surrender at Yorktown

5. The British were finally able

to let go of the Americans at
the end of the war.

50 Word Summary

American Rebels (patriots) took control of the colonies by ignoring the British authority and doing things how they wanted to do them. The Second Continental
congress was at a point where war or peace were both viable situations. Bunker Hill, George Washington and rejection of the Olive Branch Petition by the king
all led down the path of war, but the Olive Branch Petition had the potential for reconciliation, but after its rejection, war was inevitable. Thomas Paine’s
pamphlet, Common Sense, caught extreme popularity with the colonists. French offered to join the American side. Hessians (German mercenaries for the
British) angered the Americans. The American Army had a hard time because the soldiers were poorly trained militiamen and at times it had low enlistment. The
British strategy is more complicated than the Americans because the British were invading, but could not decimate the land, and the Americans were on the
defense. The road through war was long, rough and bloody, but through courage and dedication the Americans were able to attain their independence from
Britain.

Study Stack Chapter 7

 Previous Era: American Revolution Era: The Early Republic Following Era: Age Of Jefferson

Picture
“Among the most formidable of the obstacles which the new Constitution will have to encounter may readily be
distinguished the obvious interest of a certain class of men in every State to resist all changes which may
hazard a diminution of the power, emolument, and consequence of the offices they hold under the State
establishments; and the perverted ambition of another class of men, who will either hope to aggrandize
themselves by the confusions of their country, or will flatter themselves with fairer prospects of elevation from
the subdivision of the empire into several partial confederacies than from its union under one government.”
-Alexander Hamilton

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. Stronger centralized federal 1. George Washington 1. Shay’s Rebellion

government
2. Thomas Jefferson 2. Northwest Ordinance
2. Temperance movements start
to take place 3. Alexander Hamilton 3. Constitutional Convention

3. American Neutrality to stay out 4. John Adams 4. First National Bank is

of European entanglements granted 20 year charter
5. John Jay
4. Debates over western lands, 5. Bill of Rights
how they would be admitted as
states, issues on slaves, etc.

5. Setting up the government for

the people by the people
50 Word Summary:
The Second Continental Congress met and produced the Articles of Confederation but it had difficulty setting them into place because of dissagreements between the states,
especially in how to deal with western lands. Eventually the Articles are passed, and outlined strong state government and a weaker federal government. People had patriotism
to their state rather than their country. Americans insisted on written constitutions, especially for each state because of the lack of written constitutions in Britain. The new state
constitutions labelled those able to vote as property owning white males, therefore not really fufilling the statement that “all men are created equal…” Issues over slavery
already have begun to develop, with some already knowing it is wrong, and others becoming more entrenched in its way of life. As a result of the war, the new country was
already in debt and printed mass amounts of money in attempts to eliminate this debt, but it only caused massive inflation. Shay’s Rebellion took place, over the issue of
taxation. After this, the country began to realize it needed a stronger centralized government, and thus the road to the establishment of the US Constitution began. There was a
massive rift in the political system between Federalists and Antifederalists. Washington becomes the first president in 1789. The Bill of Rights was drafted by the First
Congress. Hamilton began to try to tackle the governments economic issues. Agriculture, transportation and banking boomed. Public Debt and taxes increased. The First Bank
of the US was established. The Whiskey Rebellion occurred as a result to Hamilton’s proposal of a 25% tax on Whiskey and other liquors. There continued to be conflicts with
the Indians. Once again, France and England got themselves into another war, and the US decided to proclaim neutrality as to not lose either of the two countries as allies or
trade partners. The Haitian Revolution takes place, and some fear that their slaves will rebel as well. John Adams is elected president. The XYZ affair, a harrassment of
American ships etc by the French occurred and a bribe was the only way to solve it, so said three diplomats. This infuriated the Americans. The Quasi-War thus occurs. The
Alien and Sedition acts are put in place in result to the Quasi War.

Study Stack Chapter 8 Chapter 9

 Previous Era: The Early Republic Era: The Age of Jefferson Following Era: War of 1812

"Millions of innocent men, women and children, since the introduction of Christianity, have been Picture
burned, tortured, fined and imprisoned. What has been the effect of this coercion? To make half
the world fools and half hypocrites; to support roguery and error all over the world"- Thomas
Jefferson

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. Enlightenment 1. Thomas Jefferson 1. Louisiana Purchase

2. Separation of Church and 2. Lewis and Clark 2. US trade with Europe

State (i.e., Virginia statute for weakened from Napoleonic
religious freedom) 3. James Madison Wars

3. Jeffersonian Democracy 4. Tecumseh 3. Embargo Act

4. Principle of inalienable rights 5. William Henry Harrison 4. US ends the slave trade
in 1808
5. States Rights
5. Non-Intercourse Act

50 Word Summary:
Jefferson and Burr tied in 1800, the vote went over to the house. Some voted in favor of Jefferson, others chose not to vote so they wouldn’t have to vote for
Jefferson, but he still would win. A slave named Gabriel tried to start a revolution, but it was quickly extinguished. Once in power, Jefferson exercised having a
simple and low-key low-power government. He ran everything with simplicity and urged for things to remain uncomplicated. Before John Adam’s term ran up, he
appointed a total of 217 federalists to various judicial, diplomatic and military posts. He did this in order to keep a federalist foothold over power in a time when
the new president was republican. These elected officials became known as the Midnight Judges. During the Seven Year’s War, the French claimed they owned
the Louisiana Territory. They quickly sold it when they feared of an American takeover. Lewis and Clark set on an expedition for the west coast. The Barbary
Wars in Tripoli and the Mediterranean were spurred by the demands for bribes for safe passage of American Ships. Americans eventually beat the pirates, but
the entire affair had little effect on the election of 1804. American government set forth an Embargo to block trade with France and England, both of which
threatened the US economy into a downward spiral. This failure on the part of the Republicans sparked strength in the Federalist Party.
 Previous Era: The Age of Jefferson Era: War of 1812 Following Era: Age of Jackson

“O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light,/ What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming,/
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,/ O’er the ramparts we watched, were so
gallantly streaming?/ And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,/ Gave proof through the night
that our flag was still there;/ O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave/ O’er the land of the free
and the home of the brave?” Francis Scott Key

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. US once again protects itself 1. Andrew Jackson 1. Louisiana admitted as a

from Britain state
2. War Hawks
2. End of Non-Intercourse act, 2. Congress declares war
opening trade to either France 3. General Harrison on Britain to protect US
Or England, whichever would (victory at Battle of the Shipping rights
stop restrictions on American Thames)
Shipping. 3.Congress doubles tariff
4. Tecumseh on imports to finance the
3. New Englanders against war war
5. Francis Scott Key
4. Americans lose momentum 4. Jackson and Battle of
and enthusiasm for war when Horseshoe Bend
the White House was burned
down by the British 5. Hartford Convention

5. Indians once again were the

big losers of the war.
50 Word Summary:

There were many restrictions in place on the Americans by the British and French for them trading with the other. This embargo was in place until Jefferson left
the office, but then the Americans created the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 which prohibited trade with Great Britain, France and their colonies. In 1810 it was
lifted and opened the ability for the US to trade with either Britain or France, whichever would drop their restrictions first. Napoleon took action and declared
peace with the US. Many Americans felt that they were on the verge of war, but couldn’t tell if it would be with England or France. The War Hawks (especially
Henry Clay) encouraged war and wanted to create military responses to any foreign challenges. In June 1812 congress declared war on Great Britain to end
trade oppression and keep their honor. The war did not go well, and when the US tried to invade Canada. Federalists gained power in the government because
they were anti-war and the majority of Americans felt that they were losing the war. The battles of Thames and Battle of Horseshoe Bend were great victories for
the US. The US dominates the Indians and takes more of their western land, expanding the united states once again. England and The US signed the Rush-
Bagot treaty.
 Previous Era: The War of 1812 Era: Age of Jackson Following Era: Western Expansion/
Manifest Destiny

“Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in.” Picture
Andrew Jackson

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. Indian Removal Act 1. Andrew Jackson 1. Trail of Tears

2. Spheres of Influence 2. Henry Clay 2. “Corrupt Bargain”

3. Jackson’s democratic 3. William Lloyd Garrison 3. The second great

agenda awakening
4. Charles Grandison
4. Public schooling starting to Finney 4. Tariff of Abominations
take place
5. abolitionists 5. The Bank war
5. Nullification

50 Word Summary:

The War of 1828 was the first election determined by popular vote. New campaign styles-rallies, picnics, banquets, etc, newspapers, documenting, etc not only
boosting oneself but cuts others down. Distinct split in policies, tactics, government less unified. The “President of the Common Man” was Jackson’s campaign
style. He sold himself as an average Joe, and wanted to gain the public’s trust by coming off as the guy next door. The “corrupt bargain” took place, setting
Jackson in some eyes as a crook. Jackson’s Democratic Agenda was that he only picked loyalists to his cabinet and wanted a minimal government, western
expansion, and wanted full power over congress. Separate spheres of influence start to take hold. Public schooling starts to form and expand, theaters become
more popular, the Second Great Awakening occurs and is targeted largely at the middle working class. The American Temperance Movement tries to moderate
alcohol and sex. People pushing for “moral reform” starts to increase. The Liberator was a paper formed by William Lloyd Garrison in order to increase the
support of abolitionism. Jackson’s Indian Policy was that he saw them as a problem that had to be dealt with and lead to the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of
Tears. The Tariff of Abominations taxed British imported goods, and John C. Calhoun named it abominations because it severely impacted the south’s cotton
trade with Britain. Nullification was the idea that states had the power to reject congress’s acts. The Bank war was that Jackson didn’t want a central bank, and
then all loans were called in and it leads to the panic of 1837.
 Previous Era: Age of Jackson Era: Western Expansion/ Following Era: Road to Civil War
Manifest Destiny
“It is America’s right to stretch from sea to shining sea. Not only do we have a responsibility to
our citizens to gain valuable natural resources we also have a responsibility to civilize this
beautiful land.” Thomas Jefferson

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. John L. O’Sullivan coined the 1. Indians 1. Oregon Trail

term manifest destiny
2. Mormons (Joseph 2. Mormon Exodus
2. Indians were increasingly Smith Jr.)
cheated out of their lands 3. Independence of Texas
3. Pioneers and then the annexation of
3. Americans felt they had the Texas to the US
right to possess all land in 4. abolitionists
North America 4. Mexican-American War
5. Transcendentalists (and Battle of the Alamo,
4. Economic and Industrial and utopians and Treaty of Guadaloupe
Revolution Hidalgo)

5. Reforming self and society 5. California Gold Rush

50 Word Summary:
During this time there was a massive expansion of the lands of the United States. After the term Manifest Destiny was coined, Americans felt it was their god
given right and duty to settle and civilize the lands of North America. As well as Manifest Destiny, reasons for settlement included religious freedom. The
Mormons, led by Joseph Smith, moved throughout the lands until they settled in Salt Lake City, Utah, a place in which they felt they could be free to practice
their religion without persecution. As American settlers pushed west and north and south along the “unsettled” lands, they encountered numerous Indians and
Mexicans, and much feuding and battling over the lands occurred, and undoubtedly, the Americans won and pushed the Indians further west. Because of their
pushiness in acquiring land, a war with Mexico ensued. Since the Mexican Independence, the Mexicans found it difficult to protect their borders, and American
Settlers began to take advantage of this. At first the settlers were welcomed with open arms into the new lands of Mexico, but as they found that the Americans
were soon outnumbering the Mexicans, restrictions started to take place, and then eventually wars. The Texan Independence occurred, but they quickly sought
annexation with the United States. The Mexicans were tired of their lands being invaded, and the Mexican-American War was a result. This war was seen as
“Mr. Polk’s War” because the president did not make it a secret that he wanted to annex many lands, and that he felt that he should have some sort of major war
to assure his place in the history books. Through many bloody battles, and divisions among Americans, triumph occurred, and through the Treaty of Guadeloupe
Hidalgo, many more lands were added to the United States, including New Mexico and California. California was especially sought after by the states because
of its vast potential and the gold rush occurring there. Economics and Industry once again took on a revolution, increasing mechanization and manufacturing.
People began to stand behind the Free-Labor Ideal, and many people felt that reform in society was needed and many societies, such as Transcendentalists
and Utopians formed. Women's rights movements continued, as did abolitionist movements.
 Previous Era: Western Era: Road to Civil War Following Era: Civil War
Expansion/Manifest destiny

There was a land of Cavaliers and Cotton Fields called the Old South. Here in this pretty world, Gallantry took its last bow. Here was the last ever to be seen
of Knights and their Ladies Fair, of Master and of Slave. Look for it only in books, for it is no more than a dream remembered, a Civilization gone with the
wind...
— From the opening of the film Gone with the Wind (1939)

Top Five Main Ideas
1. Pro-Slavery, Pro-states
rights South; anti-slavery
(BUT still racist), pro-
federalism north
5 Most Important Top Five Key Events
People Picture
1. Gadsen Purchase adds
1. Harriet Beecher land to Arizona and New
Stowe (Uncle Tom’s Mexico (issue of slave
Cabin) status comes up)

2. Plantation/ Slave 2. John Brown 2. Bleeding Kansas/ Kansas-

Economy Nebraska Act
3. Charles Sumner (of
3. Paternalistic Plantation Sumner-brooks affair) 3. Dred Scott decision
Masters (nullifies missouri
4. Nat Turner (slave compromise and declares
4. Free Blacks oppressed revolt) that slaves are property, not
and not doing too well citizens)
5. George Fitzhugh
5. Plantation belt yeoman, (argued that the 4. Lincoln-Douglas Debate/
upcountry yeoman and northern labor system Freeport Doctrine
poor whites of the south rested on the
lived in scattered exploitation of day 5. John Brown’s raid on
communities and mostly laborers) Harper’s ferry
didn’t have much to do
with the initial road to civil
war
50 Word Summary:
Throughout the course of United States history, there had always been rifts between the North and southern states, about a variety of issues, including states
rights, slavery, trade regulations, etc. The two were essentially feuding brothers tied together because they were related. In the decades closest to the Civil War,
these feuds and disagreements started to grow and swell larger and more often than ever before. In attempts to keep the states together, many compromises
were enacted. The compromise of 1850 strengthened the Fugitive Slave Law (for the south) and California was admitted as a free state (for the Union) and the
slave status of Utah and New Mexico would be determined by popular vote. The Northerners were mostly unionists who felt that the states should remain
together through all of the seemingly irreconcilable differences. The south was going stir crazy being with the North, because they did not agree with many of the
ways of life and the laws of the United States. As time continued on, the south felt that the only way to preserve their way of life was to secede from the United
States of America and form their own country.
 Previous Era: The Road to Civil War Era: Civil War Following Era: Reconstruction

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled
here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to
that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this
nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
earth. – Abraham Lincoln “Gettysburg Address”
Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events Picture

1.Unification 1. Abraham Lincoln 1. Secession of the south and

formation of the Confederate
2. secession 2. Jefferson Davis States of America

3. slavery 3. Ulysses S. Grant 2. Fort Sumter (initiates war)

4. Patriotism (toward own side) 4. Robert E. Lee 3. Battle of Antietam

5. Northern (federa) 5. Stonewall Jackson 4. Battle of Gettysburg/

government or Southern (state) Gettysburg Address
government. Which prevails,
the civil war will decide 5. Appomattox Courthouse

50 Word Summary:
Abraham Lincoln is elected president and Democrats split over the issue of slavery. South Carolina secedes from the Union in 1860. In 1861, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Mississippi and Louisiana secede. The Confederate States of America is formed and elects Jefferson Davis as the president. Kansas is added as a
free state. The siege on Fort Sumter initiates the civil war and Lincoln declares a “state of insurrection” and calls for military volunteers. Virginia, Arkansas,
Tennessee and North Carolina secede. England declares neutrality in the US Civil war. Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in the parts of the country that have
seceded. The confederacy invokes a conscription act. The north creates the Homestead Act guarantees 160 acres to farmers willing to move west and cultivate
land. The Militia Act allows black troops into the Union Army. Battle of Antietam is the bloodiest battle of the war with more than 20000 casualties, but no clear
winner. Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation which frees all current slaves in the Confederate states but not the border slave states so the north didn’t
lose their support. Lincoln creates a conscription act which orders men between 25 and 45 to enlist, but excepts people who would pay $300. Riots broke out
because poor people were the only ones fighting and felt it was unfair. West Virginia secedes from the Confederacy to join the union as a free state. Union wins
the Battle of Gettysburg and the Gettysburg address is delivered. The IRS (internal revenue service) is created. Lincoln vetoes the Wade-Davis Bill of
reconstruction and proposes his more lenient, more forgiving 10% Plan. William Sherman’s march to the sea destroys the south’s infrastructure and creates
“total war.” Congress passes the 13th amendment which abolished slavery in the Union. Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
courthouse. Abraham Lincoln is shot and killed at the Ford Theater by John Wilkes Booth.
 Previous Era: Civil War Era: Reconstruction Following Era: Gilded Age

"...With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind
up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and
lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”- Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, Saturday, March 4, 1865

Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. Re-uniting the states, getting
cohesion back
2. re-building the south’s
infrastructure, economy and
agriculture
3. Sorting out how to introduce
the recently freed slaves into a
new way of life
4. Civil Rights, Black Rights
and Women’s rights
5. Economic expansion
1. Andrew Johnson
2. President Ulysses S.
Grant
3. Susan B. Anthony and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
4. Rutherford B. Hayes
5. Ku Klux Klan
1. Creation of 13th, 14th, 15th
amendments, and Civil
Picture
Rights acts of 1866 and 1875
2. Freedmen’s Bureau helps
find blacks homes and jobs
3. Military Reconstruction
Acts, Wade-Davis bill, 1863
Proclamation of Amnesty and
reconstruction, Johnson's
reconstruction plan
4. Railroads increase trade
and movement

5. Slaughterhouse Cases and

US vs. Cruikshank

50 Word Summary
Before the end of the war, Lincoln drew up some plans for reconstruction, which provided full pardons for rebels who would renounce secession and accept the
end of slavery. Many thought that this was too forgiving. The Wade-Davis bill was drawn up by Congress in 1864 and it demanded that half of the voters in each
of the seceded states needed to take a vote of allegiance before reconstruction would begin. It also banned ex-Confederates from participating in the new
constitutions. The Federal government faced an enormous task of what to do with the labor force of former slaves and how to deal up federal land. Former
slaves were given new freedoms previously never encountered or even dreamed of, however, racism was still predominant throughout the country, and black
codes and forced labor contracts in the south pretty much re-enslaved the freed blacks. Johnson’s reconciliation plans were seen as too forgiving and lenient in
the eyes of most northerners. As the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were passed, much violent opposition was encountered. After these were passed, many
southerners just chose to ignore them completely, along the lines of Johnson’s advice. During the struggle with blacks freedoms and rights, debates over
women’s rights developed as well. Grant’s presidency was marked with issues of corruption. He was not corrupt himself, rather he had appointed many who had
ill intentions. The Ku Klux Klan and other forms of White Supremacy started to develop in the south, gripping many blacks and pro-blacks in fear. Rutherford B.
Hayes wins the election of 1876 in a tight and somewhat skewed election. The Compromise of 1877 returned the US to its former state of sectional compromise.
The Blacks of the south had a grim future ahead of them, namely in that their end of slavery did not mark the end of their oppression.
 Previous Era: Reconstruction Era: Gilded Age Following Era: Imperialism and
Progressivism

"I had no ambition to make a fortune; mere moneymaking has never been my goal. I had an ambition to Picture
build." - John D. Rockefeller.
Top Five Main Ideas 5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events

1. Big Businesses, 1. John D. Rockefeller, Andrew 1. Telephones and

Corporations and monopolies
2. Expansion of Railroads and
the Frontier
3. Urbanization due to factory
and immigrant work
4. Women’s Rights
5. Laissez-Faire economics
Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt Electricity invented
(multi millionaires that used
monopolies) 2. Chinese Exclusion
Act
2.John Pierpont Morgan (saves the
US from bankruptcy) 3. Wabash v. Illinois
3. Jay Gould (scammer of railroads) 4. Black Friday
4. Stalwarts, Half-Breeds and 5. Early Labor Unions
Mugwumps (political parties) formed

5. Herbert Spencer and William

Graham Sumner

The Gilded Age was a term coined by Mark Twain in his book, one that satirizes the society at this point in history. As well, it
describes the vast expansion of the economy of the US at this point in time. Industry expanded greatly. Older industries were
changed into newer, more modern ones, and invention was creating tons of new industries. Railroads played a key role in this era,
namely in that they were being greatly expanded, and with it, trade goods and general movement across the continent vastly
expanded. Andrew Carnegie created a huge fortune in the steel industry and introduced the idea of vertical integration. John D.
Rockefeller revolutionized the oil-refining industry and created the Standard Oil Company. Electricity was developed (Thomas
Edison), and the telephone was invented (Alexander Graham Bell). J.P. Morgan reorganized the struggling railroads and he bought
up many railrood companies, turning himself into a billion dollar asset tycoon. The belief of Social Darwinism starts to emerge, and
Andrew Carnegie’s book, The Gospel of Wealth, argued that those that had lots of wealth had the responsibility to share it with
others. Laissez-Faire economics starts to take place. The struggle for women’s and black’s rights continues. Garfield is assassinated
by an angry man who desired an office position through the spoils system but was not given one.
 Previous Era: Gilded Age
Top Five Main Ideas
1. Conservation ethics
Era: Imperialism and Following Era: Wilson and World War I
Progressivism
5 Most Important People Top Five Key Events
Picture
1. Teddy Roosevelt 1. Taft- Katsura agreement

2. Efficiency movement 2. William Howard Taft 2. Roosevelt corollary

3. Economic progressivism 3. William Jennings Bryan 3. Panama canal constructed

4. Freedom, workers rights and 4. Woodrow Wilson 4. 16th and 17th amendment
mixed economy
5. Robert La Follette 5. Ford motors and model t,
5. Welfare of society assembly line created
50 Word Summary:
The 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act was a federal law that made Americans opposed to
monopolies; it prohibited contracts and deals that would restrain trade, and outlawed unions.
Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd president and he was remembered for his “billion dollar
congress.” Sherman Silver Purchase Act was made to help farmers by increasing money
supply by buying millions of ounces of silver, which would cause inflation which would
increase farmers crop income. McKinley tariff bill raised the tariff on foreign products and
boosted the sugar industry. The Populist party was a farmers movement that wanted a more
consolidated, insulatory government and country. Jacob Coxey led a protest of unemployed
men from Ohio. The Pullman Strike was led by railroad workers. Monroe Doctrine was
invoked by Roosevelt when Britain interfered iwht a border dispute between British Guiana
and Venezuala and it said that Europe had no reason to be involved in the Western
Hemisphere. William Jennings Bryan argued for a currency based in silver and gold “Cross
of Gold” which would help back the dollar and help the average person. Yellow Journalism
and muckraking became common practice in journalism, both practices are exaggerations
but sold more papers. The USS Maine blew up in the Havana Harbor and 260 died. It was
an accident but largely played up by Yellow Journalism. The Spanish-American war gave
the US control of Puerto Rico, the Phillipines and Guam and the Independence of Cuba.
Teddy Roosevelt was a major leader in this era and won a Nobel Peace Prize and was
famous for his idea “speak softly and carry a big stick.” He led the Panama Canal, the
Roosevelt Corollary and the Square Deal. Imperialism starts to form and the Annexation of
Hawaii happens in 1898. McKinley is assassinated by an anarchist, which allowed
Roosevelt to become president. Women’s rights movements began to kick up again, this
time starting in the midwest. The Women’s crusade and the WCTU/ Anti-saloon league set
out to abolish alcohol.

“To destroy this invisible government, to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the
day.” 1912 Progressive Party Platform, attributed to T. Roosevelt
“The American flag has not been planted in foreign soil to acquire more territory but for humanity’s sake.” (McKinley, July 12, 1900)
Previous Era: Imperialism and Era: Wilson and World War I Following Era: Roaring 20’s
Progressivism

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Previous Era: Wilson and World War I Era: Roaring 20’s Following Era: The Great Depression/
The New Deal

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Previous Era: Roaring 20’s Era: The Great Depression/ The Following Era: World War II
New Deal
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Previous Era: The Great Depression/ Era: World War II Following Era: The Baby Boom,
The New Deal Economic Prosperity, and the Cold War

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Previous Era: World War II
Era: The Baby Boom, Economic
Following Era: Civil Rights, Nixon and
Prosperity, and The Cold War Vietnam

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Previous Era: The Baby Boom, Era: Civil Rights, Nixon and Following Era: Neo-conservatism/ End
Economic Prosperity and the Cold War Vietnam of Communism

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Previous Era: Civil Rights, Nixon and Era: Neo-Conservatism/ End of Following Era
Vietnam Communism
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