CHAPTER 3

Nomenclature and Chemical Reaction Equation

By : Putri Ardiana Puspita Sari (X-8/29)

 Chemical Nomenclature

Chemical nomenclature is the term given to the naming of compounds. Chemists use
specific rules and "conventions" to name different compounds. This section is
designed to help you review some of those rules and conventions.

•Oxidation and Reduction - Chemical Reaction Equation

•Forming Ionic Compounds - Equalizes Reaction Coefficient
•Arrangement of Atoms
•Naming Ionic Compounds
•Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
•Naming Inorganic Acids
•Naming Compounds
 Oxidation and Reduction
When forming compounds, it is important to know something about the way atoms will
react with each other. One of the most important manners in which atoms and/or molecules
react with each other is the oxidation/reduction reaction. Oxidation/Reduction reactions are
the processes of losing and gaining electrons respectively. Just remember, "LEO the lion
says GER:" Lose Electrons Oxidation, Gain Electrons Reduction. Oxidation numbers are
assigned to atoms and compounds as a way to tell scientists where the electrons are in a
reaction. It is often referred to as the "charge" on the atom or compound. The oxidation
number is assigned according to a standard set of rules. They are as follows:An atom of a
pure element has an oxidation number of zero.
For single atoms in an ion, their oxidation number is equal to their charge.
Fluorine is always -1 in compounds.
Cl, Br, and I are always -1 in compounds except when they are combined with O or F.
H is normally +1 and O is normally -2.
The oxidation number of a compound is equal to the sum of the oxidation numbers for
each atom in the compound.

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 Forming Ionic Compounds
Knowing the oxidation number of a compound is very important when discussing ionic
compounds. Ionic compounds are combinations of positive and negative ions. They are
generally formed when nonmetals and metals bond. To determine which substance is
formed, we must use the charges of the ions involved. To make a neutral molecule, the
positive charge of the cation (positively-charged ion) must equal the negative charge of the
anion (negatively-charged ion). In order to create a neutral charged molecule, you must
combine the atoms in certain proportions. Scientists use subscripts to identify how many of
each atom makes up the molecule. For example, when combining magnesium and nitrogen
we know that the magnesium ion has a "+2" charge and the nitrogen ion has a "-3" charge.
To cancel these charges, we must have three magnesium atoms for every two nitrogen
atoms:

3Mg2+ + 2N3- --> Mg3N2

Knowledge of the charges of ions is crucial to knowing the formulas of the compounds
formed.
•alkalis (1st column elements) form "+1" ions such as Na + and Li+
•alkaline earth metals (2nd column elements) form " 2+" ions such as Mg2+ and Ba2+
•halogens (7th column elements) form "-1" ions such as Cl - and I-
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 Naming Ionic Compounds
The outline below provides the rules for naming ionic compounds:

Positive Ions
1. Monatomic cations (a single atom with a positive charge) take the name of the element
plus the word "ion"

Examples:

Na+ = sodium ion

Zn+2 = zinc ion

2. If an element can form more than one (1) positive ion, the charge is indicated by the
Roman numeral in parentheses followed by the word "ion"

Examples:
Fe2+ = iron(II) ion
Fe3+ = iron (III) ion
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 Negative Ions
1. Monatomic anions (a single atom with a negative charge) change their ending to "-ide"
Examples:
•O2- = oxide ion
•Cl- = chloride ion

2. Oxoanions (negatively charged polyatomic ions which contain O) end in "-ate".

3. Polyatomic anions (a negatively charged ion containing more than one type of element)
often add a hydrogen atom; in this case, the anion's name either adds "hydrogen-" or "bi-" to the
beginning

Example:
CO32- becomes HCO3-
"Carbonate" becomes either "Hydrogen Carbonate" or "Bicarbonate"
4. When combining cations and anions into an ionic compound, you
always put the cation name first and then the anion name (the molecular
formulas are also written in this order as well.)

Examples:

Na+ + Cl- --> NaCl

sodium + chloride --> sodium chloride

Cu2+ + SO42- -->CuSO4
copper(II) + sulfate --> copper(II) sulfate

Al3+ + 3NO3- --> Al(NO3)3

aluminum + nitrate --> aluminum nitrate
 Arrangement of Atoms
In naming ions, it is important to consider "isomers." Isomers are compounds with the
same molecular formula, but different arrangements of atoms. Thus, it is important to
include some signal within the name of the ion that identifies which arrangement you are
talking about. There are three main types of classification, geometric, optical and
structural isomers.

1. Geometric isomers refers to which side of the ion atoms lie. The prefixes used to
distinguish geometric isomers are cis meaning substituents lie on the same side of the ion
and trans meaning they lie on opposite sides. Below is a diagram to help you remember.

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2. Optical isomers differ in the arrangement of four groups around a chiral carbon.
These two isomers are differentiated as L and D.

3. Structural isomers differentiate between the placement of two chlorine atoms

around a hexagonal carbon ring. These three isomers are identified as o, m, and p.Once
again we have given you a few clues to help your memory.
 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Molecular compounds are formed from the covalent bonding between non-metallic
elements. The nomenclature for these compounds is described in the following set of
rules.

1. The more positive atom is written first (the atom which is the furthest to the left and
to the bottom of the periodic table)
2. The more negative second atom has an "-ide" ending.
3. Each prefix indicates the number of each atom present in the compound.
Number of Atoms Prefix Number of Atoms Prefix
1 Mono 6 Hexa
2 Di 7 Hepta
3 Tri 8 Octa
4 Tetra 9 Nona
5 Penta 10 Deca
Examples:
CO2 = carbon dioxide BACK
P4S10 = tetraphosphorus decasulfide
 Naming Inorganic Acids BACK

1. Binary acids (H plus a nonmetal element) are acids that dissociate into hydrogen
atoms and anions in water. Acids that only release one hydrogen atom are known
asmonoprotic. Those acids that release more than one hydrogen atom are
called polyproticacids. When naming these binary acids, you merely add "hydro-"
(denoting the presence of a hydrogen atom) to the beginning and "-ic acid" to the end
of the anion name.
Examples:
HCl = hydrochloric acid
HBr = hydrobromic acid 

2. Ternary acids (also called oxoacids, are formed by hydrogen plus another element
plus oxygen) are based on the name of the anion. In this case, the -ate, and -itesuffixes
for the anion are replaced with -ic and -ous respectively. The new anion name is then
followed by the word "acid." The chart below depicts the changes in nomenclature.
Anion Name Acid Name
Example:
Hypo__ite Hypo__ous acid
ClO4- to HClO4 => perchlorate to
perchloric acid __ite __ous acid
ClO- to HClO => hypochlorite to __ate __ic acid
hypochlorous acid Per__ate Per__ic acid
 Naming Compounds BACK

A detailed treatise on naming organic compounds is beyond the scope of these

materials, but some basics are presented. The wise chemistry student should consider
memorizing the prefixes of the first ten organic compounds:
Number of Atoms Prefix Number of Atoms Prefix
1 Meth- 6 Hex-
2 Eth- 7 Hept-
3 Prop- 8 Oct-
4 But- 9 Non-
5 Pent- 10 Dec-

There are four basic types of organic hydrocarbons, those chemicals with only
carbon and hydrogen:
1. Single bonds (alkane): suffix is "ane", formula CnH2n+2
2. Double bonds (alkene): suffix is "ene", formula C nH2n
3. Triple bonds (alkyne): suffix is "yne", formula CnH2n-2
4. Cyclic compounds: use prefix "cyclo"So, for example, an organic compound with
the formula "C6H14" would be recognized as an alkane with six carbons, so its name
is "hexane".
 Chemical Reaction Equation

Equalizes Reaction Coefficient
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 N2 (g) + H2 (g) → NH3
Directly:
(g)
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

- Al (s) + O2 (g) → Al2O3 (s)

Suppose a, b, c, ... ...
Didapatkan :
aAl (s) + bO2 (g) → cAl2O3 (s) a=2 a=4
Al : a = 2c b = 3/2 x2 b = 3
O: 2b = 3c c=1 c=2
Misal c = 1, maka :
a = 2c = 2.1 = 2
jadi :
2b = 3c = 3.1
b = 3/2 4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Al2O3 (s)
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Equalizes Reaction Coefficient

Cu(s) + HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l)

With the help of oxidation-reduction:

0 +5 +2 +4
Cu(s) + HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l)
+2 -1
x2
Cu(s) + HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + H2O(l)
So , ...
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
THE END