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is a method by
which an object is suspended above another object with no support other
than magnetic field.The electromagnetic force is used to counteract the
effects of the gravitational force.

A substance which is diamagnetic repels a

magnetic field. Earnshawƞs theorem does not
apply to diamagnets; they behave in the opposite
manner of a typical magnet due to their relative
permeability of m 1.Any matemial in which the
diamagnetic component is stmongest will be
mepelled by a magnet. pieces of pymolitic gmaphaite
om bismuth above a modemately stmong pemmanent
magnet. As watem is pmedominantly diamagnetic,
this technique has been used to levitate watem A live fmog levitates inside a 32
dmoplets and even live animals, such as a mm diametem vemtical bome in a
gmasshoppem and a fmog; howevem, the magnetic magnetic field of about 16 teslas
fields mequimed fom this ame vemy high, typically in at the Nijmegen High Field
the mange of 16 teslas. Magnet Labomatomy.
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½
„
  
 Methods
1. Repulsion between like poles of permanent magnets or
electromagnets.
2. Repulsion between a magnet and a metallic conductor
induced by relative motion.
3. Repulsion between a metallic conductor and an AC
electromagnet.
4. Repulsion between a magnetic field and a diamagnetic
substance.
5. Repulsion between a magnet and a superconductor.
6. Attraction between unlike poles of permanent magnets
or electromagnets.

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u. Attraction between the open core of an electromagnetic
solenoid and a piece of iron or a magnet.
8. Attraction between a permanent magnet or
electromagnet and a piece of iron.
9. Attraction between an electromagnet and a piece of iron
or a magnet, with sensors and active control of the
current to the electromagnet used to maintain some
distance between them.
10.Repulsion
10. Repulsion between an electromagnet and a magnet,
with sensors and active control of the current to the
electromagnet used to maintain some distance between
them.

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TRANSPORTATION BY AEROPLANE IN 20th CENTURY

SPEED OF BOING uuu IS ABOUT 905kph

SPEED OF MAGLEV VEHICLE IS ABOUT 500kph

SPEED OF CONVENTIONAL TRAIN IS ABOUT 200kph

CONNECTED CITY UPTO 1000KM

PARIS TO ROME IN TWO HOURS.

LONDON TO NEW YORK IN 54 MINUTES.

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[ BASICALLY THE CONSTRUCTION DEPENDS ON 3 DIFFERENT FORCES

[ PROPULSION FORCE

[ LEVITATING FORCE

[ LATERAL GUIDING FORCE

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[ This is a horizontal force

which causes the movement
of train.
It requires 3 parameters.

[ Large electric power supply

[ Metal coil lining, a guide way
or track.
[ Large magnet attached
under the vehicle.

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[ Itƞs principle is similar to

induction motor having
linear stator and flat rotor.

[ The 3-
3-phase supply
applied to the stator
produces a constant speed
magnetic wave, which
further produces a
repulsive force.

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 " ##$# „# 
%
"%
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&

'( A linear synchronous motor (LSM) in which coils in the guideway

are excited by a three phase winding to produce a traveling wave at
the speed desired; Trans Rapid in Germany employs such a system.

¦(A Linear Induction Motor (LIM) in which an electromagnet

¦(A
underneath the vehicle induces current in an aluminum sheet on the
guideway.

)( A reluctance motor is employed in which active coils on the vehicle

are pulsed at the proper time to realize thrust.

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The levitating force is the
upward thrust which lifts
the vehicle in the air.

There are 3 types of

levitating systems

1. EDS system

2. EMS system

3. INDUCTRACK system

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[ Levitating force is produced

due to the eddy current in the
conducting ladder by the
electromagnetic interaction.

[ At low speed the force due to

induced poles cancel each
other.

[ At high speed a repulsive force

is taken place as the magnet is
shifted over a particular pole.

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 1.EDS SYSTEM
In EDS both the rail and the train exert a
magnetic field, and the train is levitated
by the repulsive force between these
magnetic fields.
At slow speeds, the current induced in
these coils and the resultant magnetic
flux is not large enough to support the
weight of the train. For this reason the
train must have wheels or some other
form of landing gear to support the train
until it reaches a speed that can sustain
levitation.
Onboard magnets and large margin between rail and train enable highest recorded
train speeds (581 km/h).
km/h)
This system is inherently stable
Magnetic shielding for suppression of strong magnetic fields and wheels for travel
at low speed are required.
It canƞt produce the propulsion force. So, LIM system is required.
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2.EMS SYSTEM

Maglev concepts using electro -

magnetic suspension employ
attractive forces.
Magnetic fields inside and outside
the vehicle are insignificant; proven,
commercially available technology
that can attain very high speeds
(500 km/h); no wheels or secondary
propulsion system needed.
The separation between the vehicle
and the guideway must be
constantly monitored and corrected
by computer systems to avoid
collision due to the unstable nature
of electromagnetic attraction.

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 3.INDUCTRACK SYSTEM

The Inductrack guideway would

contain two rows of tightly packed
levitation coils, which would act as the
rails . Each of these Ơrailsơwould be
lined by two Halbach arrays carried
underneath the maglev vehicle:one
positioned directly above the Ơrailơand
one along the inner side of the Ơrailơ.
The Halbach arrays above the coils
would provide levitation while the
Halbach arrays on the sides would
provide lateral guidance that keeps the
train in a fixed position on the track.

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[ Guidance or steering refers to the

sideward forces that are required
to make the vehicle follow the
guideway.. The necessary forces
guideway
are supplied in an exactly
analogous fashion to the
suspension forces, either
attractive or repulsive.
repulsive. The same
magnets on board the vehicle,
which supply lift, can be used
concurrently for guidance or
separate guidance magnets can
be used
used..

It requires the following

arrangements:
[ Guideway levitating coil
[ Moving magnet

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CONSTRUCTONAL FEATURE

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WORKING OF MAGLEV

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BRAKING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

GENERALY TWO TYPES OF

BREAKING ARE USED
AERODYNOMIC BREAKING
ELECTOMAGNETIC BREAKING

Varying Maglev Speed

The Maglevƞs speed can vary from ×



standstill to full operating speed by
simply adjusting the frequency of the
alternating current.
current. To bring the
train to a full stop, the direction of
the travelling field is reversed.
reversed. Even
during braking, there isn't any
mechanical contact between the
stator and the rotor.
rotor.

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[
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2 

2  2 

2 
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[ RESEARCH AND DEVLOPMENT FIRST BIGAN IN GERMANY AND
JAPAN IN 19u0.
[ AFTER LABORTARY TEST THE FIRST TEST LINE WAS STARTED
IN19u0 IN JAPAN AND1980 IN GERMANY.
[ FIRST TEST LINE WAS COMPLETED IN MAYAZAKI OF JAPAN IN
19uu.
[ THE RUN OF ML500 WAS SUCCESSFULLY ENDED ON MAYAZAKI
TEST LINE ATTAINING 51ukmph
[ SECOND TEST LINE WAS COMPLETED IN JAPAN IN 1990 NAMED
YAMANASHI TEST LINE.
[ THE LONGEST NONSTOPTEST HAS BEEN COMPLETED OF 16u4KM
IN 1993 IN 450 kmph.
[ IN GERMANY GOVERNMENT CERTIFIED THE FIRST MAG LEV FOR
PUBLIC.
[ IN 1969 USA SCIENTISTS STARTED THE RESCEACH OF MAGLEV
BUT DUE TO LACK OF GOVERNMENT INTREAST IT WAS STOPPED.
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 $
 % 
[ 1. Quicker and efficient transport
[ 2. No noise
[ 3. Comfortable, smooth ride due to very little friction
[ 4. Safe and cost-
cost-effective
[ S. Less consumption of natural resources
[ 6. Environment-
Environment-friendly as no gas is emitted

Disadvantage
[ High expensive
[ Complex control system
[ No overlap or junction can done

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comparision

JAPAN MAGLEV GERMANY MAGLEV

[ ELECTRODYNAMIC TYPE [ ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE

[ IT WORKS ON REPULSION
FORCE PRINCPLE
[ LEVITATING COIL BY SUPER
CONDUCTOR
[ LEVITATION UPTO 10CM
[ MORE SAFER THAN GERMANY
VEHICLE
[ IT WORKS ON ATTRACTION
PRINCPLE
[ LEVITATING COIL BY
ELECTROMAGNET
[ LEVITATION UPTO 1CM
[ 100 TIMES SAFER THAN
CONVENTIONAL VEHICLE

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 ë
[ HIGH INITIAL INVESTMENT ABOUT US $6/person/day
EXCEPTING MAINTENANCE, SALARY & ELECTRIC
CHARGE

ÿÿ 
[ SHANGHAI TO HANGZHOU
[ LONDON TO GLASGOW
[ SHANGHAI AIRPORT LINE
[ CALIFORNIA TO LAS VEGAS

 ½
[ SPEED UPTO 6000 KMPH TO 8000KMPH IN VACUUM
TUNNEL

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