Automotive Transmission

Automotive Transmission
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
Axles
Axles were originally defined as rigid lateral connections between two wheels
which could be steered together.
This type of axle helps ensure rolling stability and simplifies assembly by
providing a connection between the wheels and body.
the axle assembly includes the subframe, steering gear, stabilizer, and
differential.
PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

Axles

Axles

Axles – types
Rigid axles (dependent wheel control)
Independent suspension systems (independent wheel

control)
A third axle concept can be defined which lies between

the two types listed above:
Semi-rigid axles (twist beam suspension systems)
Placed  front or rear of the vehicle (front axles, and rear axles)

Rigid Axles
A rigid axle is defined as a lateral axle body that rigidly connects two
wheels to one another and makes the motion of one wheel dependent
on the motion of the other.
This solution is also known as a solid axle, live axle, or dependent

wheel control system
found on a small number of cars and SUVs built for maximum off-road
performance

Live and Dead Axle
A live axle is one that supports part of the weight of a vehicle

and drives the wheels connected to it.
A dead axle is one that carries part of the weight of a vehicle but does
not drive the wheels.
The wheels rotate on the ends of the dead axle.
Usually, the front axle of a passenger car is a dead axle and the rear
axle is a live axle.

Rear Drive Axles
The rear drive axle connects the differential side gears to the drive
wheels.
The axle may or may not support the weight of the vehicle.
Rear axles are normally induction hardened for increased strength.
semifloating, three-quarter floating, and full floating.
Most automobiles use the semifloating type, whereas four-wheel drive

vehicles and trucks use full floating axles.

Rear Axle - Semifloating
The semifloating axle (fig. 13-21) used on most

passenger cars and light trucks has its differential
case independently supported. The differential
carrier relieves the axle shafts from the weight of
the differential assembly and the stresses caused
by its operation. For this reason the inner ends of
the axle shafts are said to be floating. The wheels
are keyed to outer ends of axle shafts and the
outer bearings are between the shafts and the
housing. The axle shafts therefore must take the
stresses caused by turning, skidding, or wobbling
of the wheels. The axle shaft is a semifloating live
axle that can be removed after the wheel has been
pulled off

Rear Axle - Semifloating
The semifloating axle (fig. 13-21) used on most

passenger cars and light trucks has its differential
case independently supported. The differential
carrier relieves the axle shafts from the weight of
the differential assembly and the stresses caused
by its operation. For this reason the inner ends of
the axle shafts are said to be floating. The wheels
are keyed to outer ends of axle shafts and the
outer bearings are between the shafts and the
housing. The axle shafts therefore must take the
stresses caused by turning, skidding, or wobbling
of the wheels. The axle shaft is a semifloating live
axle that can be removed after the wheel has been
pulled off

Rigid Axles
PSG College of Tech

Four-wheel-drive
Dept of Automobile Engg..
off-road vehicle with rigid
Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan
front and rear axles
Rigid Axles
Rigid driven rear axles are more common

and are
generally used in heavier vehicles (SUVs,
vans, light
trucks) with reduced comfort expectations

Rigid Axles
The properties of rigid axles are (Figure 4-3):

♦ simplicity, economy, cost-effective integration of
the rear differential into the axle body (half-shafts
with no joints)
♦ flat package shape ˇ wide loading surface for nondriven
axles
♦ robustness, large load capacity
♦ high roll center
♦ identical orientation of both wheels during parallel
wheel travel (both wheels have the same toe and
camber)
♦ large axle movements are possible (off-road use)
♦ large unsprung mass (the entire axle moves with
wheels), for driven axles up to twice as large as
that of an independent suspension system
♦ the motion of one wheel affects the motion of the
other wheel during single-wheel compression
events (examples include tramping, wheel hop, and
a reduction inPSGthe wheel’s
College of Tech ability toofcompress)
Dept Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan
Rigid Axles
The properties of rigid axles are (Figure 4-3):

♦ simplicity, economy, cost-effective integration of
the rear differential into the axle body (half-shafts
with no joints)
♦ flat package shape ˇ wide loading surface for nondriven
axles
♦ robustness, large load capacity
♦ high roll center
♦ identical orientation of both wheels during parallel
wheel travel (both wheels have the same toe and
camber)
♦ large axle movements are possible (off-road use)
♦ large unsprung mass (the entire axle moves with
wheels), for driven axles up to twice as large as
that of an independent suspension system
♦ the motion of one wheel affects the motion of the
other wheel during single-wheel compression
events (examples include tramping, wheel hop, and
a reduction inPSGthe wheel’s
College of Tech ability toofcompress)
Dept Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan
Rigid Axles
The differential on a driven rigid axle can either be

integrated into the axle housing or attached to the
vehicle’s body separate from the axle.

Automotive Transmission - 14

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PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

Rigid axles (dependent wheel control)

Independent suspension systems (independent wheel

A third axle concept can be defined which lies between

Semi-rigid axles (twist beam suspension systems)

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

This solution is also known as a solid axle, live axle, or dependent

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

A live axle is one that supports part of the weight of a vehicle

The wheels rotate on the ends of the dead axle.

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

Rear axles are normally induction hardened for increased strength.

semifloating, three-quarter floating, and full floating.

Most automobiles use the semifloating type, whereas four-wheel drive

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

The semifloating axle (fig. 13-21) used on most

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

The semifloating axle (fig. 13-21) used on most

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

PSG College of Tech

Rigid driven rear axles are more common

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

The properties of rigid axles are (Figure 4-3):

The properties of rigid axles are (Figure 4-3):

The differential on a driven rigid axle can either be

PSG College of Tech Dept of Automobile Engg.. Asst. Prof. R. Karthikeyan

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