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 §

§

 Frequency-selective filters are a class of filters specifically intended to

accurately or approximately select some band of frequencies and reject
others.

 Classical active RC filters cannot be implemented directly in

monolithic form due to the large chip area required, wide tolerances
and temperature dependence of the passive components. This problem
as been solved in two ways.

 In the first, MOS transistors operating in their linear region have been
used to replace resistors in active RC filters. However, filters based on
this approach have suffered from low dynamic range due to the MOS
transistor nonlinearity.
›


 The second approach, filters based on Operational Transconductance

Amplifier (OTA), Transconductance elements and capacitors have been
successfully implemented in CMOS technology.

 Gain boosting technique which is proper for low supply voltage

applications, has been used to achieve high gain and common-mode
feedback (CMFB) is used to stable the designed OTA against
temperature and other process variations.

 Low pass filters are essential in the base circuit of modern

communication receivers. The requirement of different standards like
GSM, Bluetooth, and CDMA 2000 etc in modern communication
receivers.
›


 There are different topologies to realize a second order low pass filter
design. To mention a few of them, active RC, switched capacitor and
Gm-C filters are used widely.

 The performance of active RC filters is limited in its DC gain,

frequency range and provides low gain bandwidth product. Also, the
switched capacitor filters have a drawback of sampling in time
domain.

 So, Gm ±C filters are best chosen for low pass filter implementation
because of its ability to operate at low supply voltage, wide tuning
range and good controllability.OTA is an important building block in
the design of Gm±C filter topology.
  
§

  


§ §  

 The Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA¶s) are used in
microelectronics applications to drive small capacitive loads at high
frequencies.

 An OTA is basically an Opamp without any output buffer, preventing it

from driving resistive or large capacitive loads. In order to have a wide
tuning range for the filter, an OTA with very high gain and gain
bandwidth product is required.

 An OTA can also be defined as an amplifier where all nodes are low
impedance except the input and output nodes. Characteristic feature of
an ideal transconductance amplifier is that it has infinite input and
output resistances.
›


 In a wide variety of applications such as A/D converters Continuous time

filters, Speed and Accuracy are determined by the settling behavior of the
Opamps.

 The settling speed depends on the unity gain frequency and a single pole
settling behavior whereas high settling accuracy requires high DC gain of
the Opamps.

 Folded Cascode Opamps have the important property of single pole

settling behavior with a large unity gain frequency. But a simple folded
cascode Opamp fails to provide high gain which is required for high
settling accuracy. To overcome this limitation, the gain Boosting
technique introduced has been applied for a folded cascode Opamp.
  § 
§ 


 The limited gain of one-stage structures and difficulties in using two-

stage structures at high speed has motivated using gain-boosting
technique.

 The idea behind gain boosting stages is to increase output impedance

without adding more cascode devices. Since each cascode device
decrease the output voltage swing.

 In order to increase the gain of the Opamp an N-type folded cascode

amplifier has been used to increase the impedance of PMOS part of the
main gain boosted folded cascode OTA and a P-type folded cascode
stage has been used to increase the impedance of NMOS part of the
main gain boosted folded cascode OTA.
›




 
 

 


Fig. 1 Fig.2
    
§§
 

 hen using fully-differential structures in feed back amplification, the

applied feed back determines the differential signal voltages, but does
not affect the common mode voltages.

 It is therefore necessary to add additional circuitry to determine the

output common mode voltage and to control it to be equal to reference
common mode voltage. Hence to control the output common mode
voltages, CMFB circuits are used in fully differential structures.

 In high gain amplifiers, output CM level is quite sensitive to device

properties and mismatches and it cannot be stabilized by means of
differential feed back.
›


à For single ended Opamp the DC level is set by the current

mirror. For fully differential Opamp, the common mode is
largely depending on the bias voltages of the current sources.

 There are three steps in CMFB circuit,

à Sensing the o/p CM level

à Comparison with reference

à Returning the error to the amplifier bias network

›


 Finally it is a circuit sensing the input voltage, then this input CM

current is added at each of the output terminals(internal nodes) with
the purpose to cancel the output CM components.

 This means that for process variations, the gain is largely depending
on the accuracy of these bias voltages.

 An additional circuit that set the common mode voltage to a desire

value can largely decrease the dependence of the gain towards the
different bias voltages.
  §    §§

Two approaches:

 Continuous time approach

 Switched capacitor(SC) approach Fig. 3

à In continuous time approach, the output swing is limited.

à In SC CMFB , advantage is it can sample the common mode

level in large swing, but it will take more time for simulation,
it has some effects like charge injection and clock feed
through, we have to design non-overlapping clocks.
›


Complementary CMFB pairs CMFB for NMOS Boosting

for the main amplifier stage

Fig. 4 Fig. 5
 

§ 
§


  § 



 The need of high gain due to high final resolution leads to find
solution to increase the DC gain of the Opamp and specifically for
first stage

 The general idea behind gain boosting is to increase the output

impedance

 The gain boosting can increase the gain at low frequencies. This
means that the bandwidth has to be greater than the first stage
bandwidth.

 The main issue is to design the gain booster is to be in the

amplification zone of the amplifier when the DC level of the
cascode stage is applied at the input of the amplifier.
 ^  § §

§   

Y
 (gm2 r 2 (Aadd+1) +1) r 1+r02

A al  gm1 r 1 (gm2 r 2 (Aadd+1) +1) + gm1 r 2

Fig. 6
  § 
 
  


Fig. 7
 §   

  §

§§

 The general transfer function of the second order

Butterworth filter is

  


Ô Ô Ô




Ô Ô Ô

Ô

 
Ô



Ô
Ô

Fig. 8
 § §
§    §

§ 

 TSMC 0.35um MOSFET BSIM3v2 model from MOSIS

 Synopsys EDA Tool

 Temp = 27 º C

 Vtn = 0.5048265

 Vtp = -0.6897992

 Power supply=3.3v
 §

§ 



pransien analysis f r NMOS B sing sage AC analysis f r NMOS B sing sage

DC Gain53dB
 ›


pransien analysis f r PMOS B sing sage AC analysis f r PMOS B sing sage

DC Gain51dB
 ›


pransien analysis f r Gain-B sed OpA AC analysis f r Gain-B sed OpA

DC Gain5dB
 Transient analysis for
Complementary CMFB Circuit

§np
s  CMFB circ
i
p
s fr m CMFB circ
i

AC analysis f r Sec nd Order
B
erw r L w Pass Filer

fc365KHz

  


§

pransc nd
cance analysis f r pransc nd
cance analysis f r

NMOS B sing sage PMOS B sing sage

Gm110
S Gm0
S
 Transconductance analysis for Gain boosted OTA

Gm160
S
Various Parameters for different types of OTA¶s
Parameter Gain NMOS PMOS
Boosted Folded Folded
OTA Cascode Cascode

Gain(dB) 95 53 51

Cut off frequency(KHz) 785 330 350

Unity Gain 610 350 265

Band idth(MHz)
Po er Consumption(m) 9 1.7 1.6

Total harmonic Distortion 0.85%@ 0.55%@ 0.50%@

(THD)@fc 2.12Vpp 1.5Vpp 1.45Vpp

Third Order Harmonic -53dB -75dB -63dB

Distortion(HD3)@fc

Load capacitance (pF) 2 2 2

Transconductance (µs) 160 110 90

Various Parameters for low pass filter
 YY

 |se Steer, Frank Henkel, Lutz Deluge, Peter allow, ³A Fully

Differential CMOS Integrated 4th Order Reconfigurable Gm-C Low
pass Filter For Mobile Communication´ IMST GmbH, C.-F.-Gauss-Str.
2, 47475 Kamp-Lint fort, Germany.

 Razavi, ³Design of Analog CMOS Integrated circuits´ Mc Graw Hill,

2000.

 Houda Daoud, Samir Ben Salem, Sonia Zouari, Mourad Loulou,

³Folded Cascode OTA Design for ide Band Application´ IEEE J. of
Solid- State Circuits, Vol. 4, pp. 7803-9727, April 2006.

 B. Lipka, |. Kleine, ³Design of a Cascoded Operational Amplifier with

High Gain", 14th International Conference on mixed design of
integrated circuits and systems, IEEE, 2007.
 ›


 S| Li, Q|I Yulin, ³Design of a Fully Differential Gain-Boosted folded-

Cascode Op Amp with settling Performance Optimization,´IEEE
Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005.

 Chen Chen, KangKang Ge, Lenian He, ³An Analysis and

Implementation of Common Mode Feedback in High-Speed Fully
Differential Op-amp´, 7th international conference on ASIC, 2007,
IEEE.

 R.Jacob Baker, Harry .Li and David E.Boyce, CMOS circuit design,
layout and simulation.