AN INTERNAL
PENDAHULUAN
• Adanya ketidak pastian yang dihadapi organisasi
• Dampak pada efisiensi proses dan efektifitas hasil
• Pengendalian internal adalah metodologi untuk
memastikan tercapainya tujuan
• Penerapannya dipengaruhi faktor-faktor:
- karakter operasi
- lingkungan organisasi
- tujuan organisasi
- ukuran organisasi
PERKEMBANGAN
• Tradisional – internal check
• pemisahan fungsi, tidak boleh ada satu orang yang
melakukan/menguasai suatu transaksi atau proses dari
awal sampai akhir
• supervisi, merupakan pengendalian untuk
memastikan bahwa staf/pihak yang mengerjakan
telah melakukan pekerjaannya sesuai dengan
yang seharusnya
• catatan akuntansi, double entry bookkeeping
membukukan satu transaksi kedalam dua
rekening (debet dan kredit). Sehingga diperoleh
kondisi check & re-check
Contoh:
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977: Cohen Commission Report (1978): Study of
Congressional committee held hearings in auditors’ responsibilities by the AICPA that
response to Watergate investigation recommended that corporate management include a
COSO Internal Control—
results. FCPA was enacted and contained report with the financial statements that disclosed the
provisions pertaining to accounting and condition of the company’s system of internal control. Integrated Framework (1992)
internal control. These provisions require The report was endorsed by the Financial Executives
corporate management to maintain Institute (FEI).
adequate books and records, and to devise
a system of internal accounting control.
Financial Executives Research Foundation (1980): Major contribution
of a research study on internal control was the cataloging of internal control
characteristics, conditions, practices and procedures.
Treadway Commission Report (1987): The National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting
Watergate investigations (mid (the Treadway Commission) was created by thejoint sponsorship of the AICPA, American Accounting
Association, FEI, Institute of Internal Auditors, and the Institute of Management Accountants.
1970s): Identified several US
Primary objective was to identify the casual factors of fraudulent financial reporting and make
corporations that made illegal
recommendations to reduce its incidence. A number of recommendations addressed internal control.
political contributions, Called for sponsoring organizations to work together to integrate internal control concepts Genesis of
including bribes to foreign the Internal Control Integrated Framework
government officials.
Increased attention given to
internal controls. SEC (1979):SEC proposed rules for mandatory management reports on an entity’s internal
accounting controls. The proposed rules called for independent auditor report as well.
Minahan Committee (1979): AICPA formed a Special Advisory Committee on Internal Control, the
“Minahan Committee” to provide guidance about establishing and evaluating internal control
COSO Definition of Internal Control
ES
ON
RT IAL
NC
G
I
1. Consists of three objectives:
AT
IN
PO C
IA
RE AN
ER
PL
• Effectiveness and efficiency of
FIN
M
OP
CO
operations
• Reliability of financial reporting
• Compliance with applicable laws and
regulations
RT IAL
• Effectiveness and efficiency of
ES
G
IO
NC
PO NC
IN
AT
IA
RE INA
operations
ER
PL
OP
M
• Reliability of financial reporting
CO
• Compliance with applicable laws and Monitoring
regulations
Efisiensi dan
Efisiensi dan efektifitas
Efisiensi dan kehematan kegiatan
kegiatan operasional
kehematan kegiatan operasional
operasional Efektifitas pencapaian
tujuan
KETERBATASAN
dengan tatap muka dengan manajer kunci. Organisasi yang lebih formal
perilaku (attitude)
• Elemen lain dari filosofi manajemen dan gaya operasi termasuk