PRESENTATION ON

3 PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

NAME:MONIKA SHARMA
BRANCH:EE(6th semester)
ROLL NO.:0821321028
 MOTOR
A Motor is a machine that converts
electrical energy into mechanical
energy

PRINCIPLE OF MOTOR
When a conductor is placed in a magnetic field ,a force is produced on it .

Consider a conductor placed in a slot of armature and suppose

that it is acted upon by magnetic field from north pole of the motor.
By applying left hand rule it is found that the conductor has the
tendency to move to the left hand side .
 Principle of induction motor
contd….
• Since the conductor is in a slot on the circumference of
the rotor ,the force F acts in a tangential direction to the
rotor .thus a torque is developed on the rotor. Similar
torques are produced on all rotor conductors.
• Since the rotor is free to move, it starts rotating in the
anticlockwise direction.
3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
The three phase induction motor is the
most popular type of a a.c motor.
USES OF INDUCTION MOTOR:-
Commonly used for industrial drive since it is-
1. Cheap
2. Robust
3. Efficient
4. Reliable
5. Good speed regulation
6. High starting torque
7. Reasonable overload capacity
 CONSTRUCTION

A 3 phase induction motor consists of two part:-

STATOR and ROTOR
 STATOR
• The stator is the stationary part
• It consists of stator frame,stator core,3 phase
winding,two end covers.
• STATOR CORE is a stack of cylindrical steel
laminations which are slotted along the inner periphery
for housing the 3 phase windings.the stator core fits
closely in the cast iron stator frame
• The TWO END COVERS provide mechanical support to
stator core
• The stator has slots and 3 PHASE WINDINGS .Three
coils aa´ ,bb´, cc´ respectively represent the windings of
3 phases a,b,c respectively.these windings are displaced
by 120 degree and may be connected in star or delta.
 ROTOR
• The induction motor has two types of
rotors.
• 1. SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR.
• 2. WOUND OR SLIP RING ROTOR
 SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
For squirrel cage rotor, winding consist of uninsulated
conductor in form of copper or aluminium bars
embedded in semi-closed slots.
These solid bars are short-circuited at both ends by end
rings of same material.
Rotor bars form a uniformly distributed winding in the
rotor slots. As the rotor bars are short circuited by two
end rings no external resistance can be inserted in the
rotor circuit.
 ADVANTAGES OF SQUIRREL CAGE

• 1. Robust construction.
• 2. Cheaper.
• 3. The absence of brushes reduces the
risk of sparking.
• 4. Less maintenance.
• 5. Higher efficiency
• 6. High power factor.
 WOUND OR SLIP RING ROTOR
• The Wound rotor consists of slotted armature. Insulated
conductors are put in the slot and connected to form
three phase double layers distributed windings similar to
the stator winding. The rotor windings are connected in
star. The three leads from star connection are then
connected to three slip rings mounted on but insulated
from the shaft. Carbon brushes pressing on the slip ring
allow external resistors to be inserted in series in rotor
winding.
 ADVANTAGES OF WOUND ROTOR

• 1. High starting torque and low starting

current.
• 2. Addition resistance can be connected in
rotor circuits to control speed.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• The stator windings of a three phase induction motor
is connected to a three phase balance supply.
• The flow of three phase currents in three phase
stator windings produces rotating fields
• The speed of rotating field is synchronous speed NS
=2f1/P r.p.s( synchronous speed is the speed of flux)
• Supply is given to stator, rotor is stationary and flux
is rotating hence emf is induced which gives rise to
current in rotor conductors.
• The interaction of these rotor currents with rotating
flux produces torque and hence rotor begins to
rotate. According to lenz’s law effect opposes the
cause therefore torque must oppose the flux cutting
action.
 Principle of operation contd…..
• This is possible only if the developed torque forces
the rotor to rotate in the direction of rotating field,
and hence the relative speed between the rotating
flux and the rotor conductors reduces and therefore
the flux cutting action also gets reduced.
• If rotor is assumed to synchronous speed in the
direction of rotating field then there will be no flux
cutting action, hence no emf in the conductors,no
current in rotor bars and no torque.thus the rotor of 3
phase induction motor can never attain its
synchronous speed and is hence called
ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.
 SPEED AND SLIP
• The difference between the synchronous speed
and the actual rotor speed is called the slip speed.
If Ns = synchronous speed in r.p.m
Nr= actual rotor speed in r.p.m.
Slip speed = Ns – Nr
The slip speed expressed as a fraction of the
synchornous speed is called fractional slip or per
unit slip. Denoted by s.
s = Ns – Nr / Ns
Slip is always less than 1
ROTOR FREQUENCY
Let the frequency of supply = f.
Therefore Ns = 120 f/P

When rotor is stationary frequency of current in

rotor conductor is same as that of supply but when
rotor rotates at speed at Ns - Nr
Ns – Nr = 120 f´/P
 ROTOR CURRENT
• At standstill-
• Let E20=emf induced per phase of rotor at standstill
• R2=resistance per phase of rotor
• X20=reactance per phase of rotor at standstill =
2∏f1L1
• Z20=rotor impedence per phase of rotor
• I20=rotor current per phase
• Z20=R2+jX20
• I20=E20/Z20
• I20=E20/√(R2+jX20)
 ROTOR CURRENT AT SLIP s

• Induced emf per phase in rotor winding at slip

s is E2S=sE20
• R2=rotor winding resistance per phase
• X2S =rotor winding reactance per phase at
slip sлf1sL2=sX20
• Rotor winding impedence per phase at slip
s=Z2S=R2+jX2s=R2jsX20
• Rotor current I2S =E2S/Z2S
• I2S=E2S/√(R2/s)2 +(X2)2
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
1.Circuit model of stator
2.Circuit model of rotor
These two circuit models are combined
to obtain the equivalent circuit of 3
phase induction motor.
 STATOR MODEL
• When the voltage V1 is applied to the stator terminals ,a
rotating air gap flux is established
• This flux generates counter emf in all 3 phases of stator
winding
• Now the stator terminal voltage V1 has to overcome the
counter emf V1’ and stator leakage impedence drop
I1(R1+jX1)
• Therefore V1=V1’+I1(R1+jX1)
• I1 ,The stator current has 2 components
• 1). the load component I2’,which counter acts rotor mmf I2 N2
• 2).exciting current ie,it creates resultant air gap flux ie can
be further divided into Ic(core loss component) and
Im(magnetising component )
 ROTOR CIRCUIT MODEL
• When a 3 phase supply is applied to the
stator windings a voltage is induced in the
rotor windings of the machine.
• In general greater the relative motion of the
rotor and stator magnetic field,greater is the
resulting rotor voltage
• The largest relative motion occurs when rotor
is stationary
• We know I2s=E2s/Z2s
• I2s=sE20/R2+jsX20=E20/R2/s+jX20
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
• as the emf of rotor circit differs from emf of
stator circuit by turns ratio therefore rotor
voltage must be reffered to stator or
primary hence E=N1E2/N2
 STARTING OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
• When the supply is connected to the stator of
three phase motor ,a rotating magnetic field is
produced and the rotor starts rotating .thus a
three phase induction motor is self stating
• At the time of starting the motor slip is unity and
starting current is very large .therefore a starter
is used to
• 1)reduce heavy starting current
• 2)to provide overload and under voltage
protection
 METHODS OF STARTING
INDUCTION MOTOR
• The following are commonly used starters
for cage motors-
• 1)Direct on-line starter
• 2)Star delta starter
• 3)Autotransformer starter
 DIRECT ONLINE STARTER
• As the name suggests this method involve
direct switching of polyphase stator on the
supply mains.
• If the supply system is of sufficient power
capacity and low power factor starting
current surges does not cause
objectionable voltage dips in supply line
voltage, then direct online method should
be preferred.
AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTING
• In this method a fraction of supply voltage
v1 is applied to stator terminals at the time
of starting by means of autotransformer.
• This reduces the motor current and also
current drawn from supply.
• After motor has accelerated near to its
operating speed,autotransformer is
disconnected and full line voltage is
applied to induction motor.
 STAR DELTA STARTING
• The connections ofa three phase inducton motor
with star delta starter is shown
• When the switch is at start position the stator
windings are connected in star.when the motor
picks up speed 80percent of its rated value,the
change over switch (TPDT)is thrown quickly to run
position which connects the stator winding in delta
• By connecting the stator windings first in star and
then in delta,the line current drawn at starting is
reduced to one third as compared to the starting
current with windings connected in delta
 DETERMINATION OF
EFFICIENCY
• The efficiency of the small motors can be
determined by direct loading them and by
measuring their input and output powers
• For large motors ,it may be difficult to arrange loads
for them.moreover ,the power loss will be large with
direct loading tests
• Therefore indirect methods are used to determine
the efficiency of three phase induction motors
• The following tests are performed on the motor-
• 1)NO LOAD TEST
• 2)BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
 NO LOAD TEST
• In this test the motor is uncoupled from its load and rated
voltage at rated frequency is applied to the stator to run
the motor without load .
• The input power is measured by two wattmeter method
• An ammeter and voltmeter is connected
• The ammeter measures the no load current and the
voltmeter gives normal rated supply voltage
• Since the no load current is 20-30 percent of the full load
current,the I2R losses in the primary may be neglected
as they vary with square of the current
• Hence the power loss is equal to constant iron
loss,friction and windage losses of motor
 BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
• In this test the shaft of the motor is locked so that it
cannot move and rotor windings are short circuited
• A reduced voltage at reduced frequency is applied to
the stator through three phase auto transformer so
that full load rated current flows in the stator
• Hence the total input power is equal to the sum of
copper losses
• This is due to the fact that a reduced voltage is
applied to the stator and rotation is not allowed
therefore core and mechanical losses are neglegible