Steps 1 to 3:
The Broad problem Area
Preliminary Data
Gathering Problem
Definition
THE RESEARCH PROCESS FOR
APPLIED AND BASIC RESEARCH
2.PRELIMINARY
1.OBSERVATION 3. PROBLEM
DATA
Broad Area of DEFINITION
GATHERING
Research interest Research Problem
Interviewing
identified Delineated
Literature Survey
4.THEORETICAL
6.SCIENTIIC
FRAMEWORK 5.GENERATION OF
RESEARCH
Variables Identified HYPOTHESIS
DESIGN
and Labeled
THE RESEARCH PROCESS FOR
APPLIED AND BASIC RESEARCH
8.DEDUCTION
7.DATA Hypothesis
COLLECTION, Generated
ANALYSIS Research Question
Answered
9.REPORT
WRITING
11. MANAGERIAL
10. REPORT
DECISSION
PRESENTATION
MAKING
BROAD PROBLEM AREA
Problem Currently Existing
Areas need to be Improved
A Conceptual or Theoretical view needed to be
tightened
Research Question answered empirically
PRELIMINARY DATA
COLLECTION
Background Information of the Organization
(Contextual Factors)
Origin and History of the Company
Size in term of employees, assets, or both.
Charter (Purpose & Ideology)
Location
Resources
Interdependent relationships with other institutions and
external environment
Financial Position for last 5 to 10 years
PRELIMINARY DATA
COLLECTION
Information Gathering is useful for
Talking knowledgeably during interviews
Raising appropriate issues related to problem
Industry Analysis may reveal that issues encountered
are not industry specific but are faced industry wide
i.e.
Competition from foreign producers
Consumer resistance for spending money
In such case more focused questions on strategies to
tackle such problems are asked.
PRELIMINARY DATA
COLLECTION
Information on Structural Factors and
Management Philosophy
Ideas of priorities and values of the company
Poor communication or misperceptions among
members of organization about company
philosophy, goals and values
PRELIMINARY DATA
COLLECTION
Structural Factors
Roles and Position in the organisation.
Number of employees at each level.
Extent of Specialization.
Communication Channels.
Coordination and Span of Control.
Reward Systems.
Workflows Systems and the like.
PRELIMINARY DATA
COLLECTION
Perceptions, Attitudes and Behavioral Responses
› Attitudinal Factors
• Nature of Work.
• Workflow Interdependencies.
• Superiors in the Organisation.
• Participation In decision making.
• Client Systems.
• Co-workers.
• Rewards (pay raise, fringe Benefits)
• Opportunities for career Advancement
• Organization's Altitude towards employees family responsibilities.
PRELIMINARY DATA
COLLECTION
Behavioral Factors
Actual work habits such as absenteeism, performance
on the job
There's no substitute for good judgment
ESOP (Employee Stock Ownership Plans)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Libraries
Computerized Databases
Interviews
REASONS FOR LITERATURE
SURVEY
Important Variables are Identified.
Development of theoretical framework and
Hypothesis for testing.
Problem statement with precision and clarity.
Avoiding risk of “ reinventing the wheel”.
Problem identified is relevant and significant.
Conducting the Literature Survey
Identifying the relevant sources
Extracting the relevant Information
Writing Up literature Review
Identifying the Relevant Sources
Manually going through bibliographic indexes.
Libraries online computer system.
Published and Unpublished articles
Conference proceedings
Statistical Databases
Bibliographical Databases
Abstract Databases
Full text Databases
Online Journals
Government Reports
Trade Union Bulletins
Organizational Reports et al.
Extracting the Relevant
Information
Relevant articles to be looked in depth
Design Details(Sample Size and data collection
methods)
Ultimate finding systematically noted in
convenient form
Other factors found to be related
Writing up literature review
Documentation of relevant studies citing the
author and the year if study is literature review/
literature survey.
Clear and logical presentation of the relevant
research work.
Purpose of literature survey