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ƥ Rely upon wireless transmission media
ƥ Infrared, spread spectrum, narrowband
microwave
ƥ Follow IEEE 802.11 standard
ƜServices include managing associations, delivering
data, and security

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ƥ Mobility ƛ enable users to access data while
they are on the move
ƥ Ease and speed of deployment ƛ older building
difficult to wire, cable installation costs, etc.
ƥ Flexibility ƛ no need to re-cable or reconfigure
network when someone changes offices
ƥ Cost

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ƥ LAN extension - extension of an existing wired
LAN
Ɯ for large open areas; historical buildings; small
offices, etc.
ƥ Cross-Building Interconnect
ƜConnect two buildings without wires
ƥ Nomadic access
ƥ Ad hoc networking

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ƥ Peer-to-peer network
ƥ Set up temporarily to meet some immediate
need
ƥ E.g. group of employees, each with laptop or
palmtop, in business or classroom meeting
ƥ Network for duration of meeting

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ƥ Same as any LAN
Ɯ High capacity, short distances, full connectivity, broadcast capability
ƥ Throughput: efficient use wireless medium
ƥ Number of nodes:up to hundreds of nodes across multiple cells
ƥ Connection to backbone LAN: Use control modules to connect to
both types of LANs
ƥ Service area: 100 to 300 m
ƥ Low power consumption:Need long battery life on mobile stations
Ɯ Mustn't require nodes to monitor access points or frequent handshakes
ƥ Transmission robustness and security:Interference prone and easily
eavesdropped
ƥ Collocated network operation:Two or more wireless LANs in same
area
ƥ License-free operation
ƥ Handoff/roaming: Move from one cell to another
ƥ Dynamic configuration: Addition, deletion, and relocation of end

systems without disruption to users
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ƥ Infrared (IR) LANs: Individual cell of IR LAN limited to
single room ƛ high speed
Ɯ IR light does not penetrate opaque walls
Ɯ High security for a small area, and no interference from other IR
LANs in other rooms
Ɯ Canƞt use outdoors ƛ need to
ƥ Spread spectrum LANs: Mostly operate in ISM
(industrial, scientific, and medical) bands
Ɯ No Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensing is
required in USA
ƥ Narrowband microwave: Microwave frequencies but do
not use spread spectrum ƛ just wide enough to transmit
Ɯ Some require FCC licensing, which guarantees no channel
interference

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ƥ Access Points ƛ perform the wireless to wired
bridging function between networks
ƥ Wireless medium ƛ means of moving frames
from station to station
ƥ Station ƛ computing devices with wireless
network interfaces
ƥ Distribution System ƛ backbone network used to
relay frames between access points

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ƥ On wireless LAN, any station within radio range of other devices
can transmit
ƥ Any station within radio range can receive
ƥ ƠWireless Ethernetơ
ƥ Authentication: Used to establish identity of stations to each other
Ɯ Wired LANs assume access to physical connection conveys authority to
connect to LAN
Ɯ Not valid assumption for wireless LANs
ƥ Connectivity achieved by having properly tuned antenna
Ɯ Authentication service used to establish station identity
Ɯ 802.11 supports several authentication schemes
Ɯ Does not mandate any particular scheme
Ɯ Range from relatively insecure handshaking to public-key encryption
schemes
Ɯ 802.11 requires mutually acceptable, successful authentication before
association


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ƥ MAC layer covers three functional areas
ƜReliable data delivery
ƜAccess control
ƜSecurity
ƥ Beyond our scope

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ƥ 802.11 physical and MAC layers subject to unreliability
ƥ Noise, interference, and other propagation effects result
in loss of frames
ƥ Even with error-correction codes, frames may not
successfully be received
ƥ Can be dealt with at a higher layer, such as TCP
Ɯ However, retransmission timers at higher layers typically order
of seconds
Ɯ More efficient to deal with errors at the MAC level
ƥ 802.11 includes frame exchange protocol
Ɯ Station receiving frame returns acknowledgment (ACK) frame
Ɯ Exchange treated as atomic unit
ƥ Not interrupted by any other station
Ɯ If noACK within short period of time, retransmit
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ƥ DCF sublayer uses CSMA
ƥ If station has frame to transmit, it listens to medium
ƥ If medium idle, station may transmit
ƥ Otherwise must wait until current transmission complete
ƥ No collision detection
Ɯ Not practical on wireless network
Ɯ Dynamic range of signals very large
Ɯ Transmitting station cannot distinguish incoming weak signals
from noise and effects of own transmission
ƥ DCF includes delays
Ɯ Amounts to priority scheme

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ƥ Issued in four stages
ƥ First part in 1997
Ɯ IEEE 802.11
Ɯ Includes MAC layer and three physical layer specifications
Ɯ Two in 2.4-GHz band and one infrared
Ɯ All operating at 1 and 2 Mbps
ƥ Two additional parts in 1999
Ɯ IEEE 802.11a
ƥ 5-GHz band up to 54 Mbps
Ɯ IEEE 802.11b
ƥ 2.4-GHz band at 5.5 and 11 Mbps
ƥ Most recent in 2002
Ɯ IEEE 802.g extends IEEE 802.11b to higher data rates


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ƥ Three physical media
ƥ Direct-sequence spread spectrum
Ɯ2.4 GHz ISM band at 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps
ƜOR
ƥ FHSS
Ɯ2.4 GHz ISM band at 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps
ƜOR
ƥ Infrared
ƜAt 1 and 2 Mbps

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ƥ 5-GHz band
ƥ Uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM)
ƜNot spread spectrum
ƥ Also called multi-carrier modulation
ƥ Multiple carrier signals at different frequencies
ƥ Some bits on each channel
ƜSimilar to FDM but all subchannels dedicated to
single source
ƥ Data rates 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps

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ƥ Extension of 802.11 DS-SS scheme
ƥ 5.5 and 11 Mbps

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ƥ Higher-speed extension to 802.11b
ƥ Combines physical layer encoding techniques
used in 802.11a and 802.11b to provide service
at a variety of data rates

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ƥ Stallings chapter 17
ƥ Web sites on 802.11

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ƥ Discuss the advantages of wireless LANS
ƥ Discuss how a WLAN can be employed to connect LANs
from separate buildings
ƥ Describe the purpose of peer-to-peer (ad hoc)
networking. Provide examples.
ƥ Describe the WLAN requirements
ƥ Describe an infrared LAN. What are its strengths and
weaknesses?
ƥ Discuss WLAN MAC in regard to reliable data delivery
and access control.
ƥ Compare and contrast IEEE 80211a, b, and g
specifications.

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