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GPS Mission Planning

Gangtok Station
Sat. Visibility and GDOP
status for the proposed
survey period Using
Trimble Planning Software

 Acquire a current
Almanac File
 Select the location and
date of survey for the
proposed GPS fieldwork
GPS SURVEYING METHODS

 Post-Processed
– Static: Stationary on point for extended periods of time.
– Rapid Static: Stationary on point for typical occupation
times of 3 to 20 minutes.
– Kinematic: Stationary initialization, then dynamic data
collection.
 Real-Time
– DGPS: Code solutions suitable for most mapping and
GIS applications. RTCM correction is typical.
– Real-Time Kinematic: DGPS code and carrier solution
capable of producing centimetric results.
GPS SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

• Static positioning technique


• Rapid static positioning technique
• Stop-and-go technique.
• Kinematic positioning technique
• Differential GPS
STATIC GPS SURVEYING

• Observation time is longer and is dependent on


baseline length
• Longer baseline length (10km to 1000km)
• Type of GPS used is dual frequency

li ne
a se
B
RAPID STATIC GPS SURVEYING

• Observation time is shorter and is dependent on


• Baseline length
• Type of GPS used whether single frequency or dual frequency
• Number of satellite tracked

RAPID STATIC GPS SURVEY

GPS ROVER
STATION

GPS REFERENCE
STATION
STOP-AND-GO GPS SURVEYING

• User’s receiver continued to track


satellite while it is in motion
• It is known as stop-and-go STOP AND GO GPS SURVEY
GPS REFERENCE

technique because the coordinate STATION

of receiver are only of interest when


it is stationery (In ‘stop’ part) and
the receiver continue to function
while it is being moved (the ‘go’
part)
KINEMATIC GPS SURVEYING

•Generalization of stop and go technique


•In Kinematic Surveying the position of antenna also
determined while receiver is in motion

KINEMATIC GPS SURVEY


THE DGPS TECHNIQUE

• DGPS is an enhancement to GPS.


• It use a fixed ground based reference station of known
coordinates.
• Calculates the difference (error) between known and observed
coordinates (from satellites) at reference station.
• Transmit the corrections to unknown sites or rover station.
• It requires minimum two GPS receivers
• one for reference station equipped with a transmitter
• other for rover
Differential GPS – DGPS

•Post processing or Offline


Real Time Differential GPS
Real Time Differential GPS

Corrections
Corrected x= x1 – xo
coordinates y= y1 – yo
X2 +x
z= z1 – zo
y2 +y
Z 2 + Z Corrections (x, y, z)
transmitted Rover

DGPS Rover Station DGPS Reference Station


Observed coordinates = (x2 , y2 , z2)
True coordinates = (xo , yo , zo)

Observed coordinates = (x1 , y1 , z1)


GPS SOLUTIONS

 Autonomous
– Single receiver solution (regardless of type).
0 – 10 meter variable accuracy.
 DGPS
– Differential “Code” solution. 1 – 3 meters of accuracy.

 CPD Float
– Carrier Phase Differential Float solution. 10 cm to 1 m
accuracy.
 CPD Fixed
– Carrier Phase Differential Fixed solution. 1 – 2 cm
accuracy. Survey grade.
GPS Modernization

 NEW Navigation signals


- Civilian L2C code
- Military M-Code
- L5 frequency
- New civilian L1C code

 Block III satellite improvement


- satellite clock errors automatic correction
Global Navigation Satellite Systems

 Existing and future GNSS


 NAVSTAR GPS
• USA, military system, developed in the 70s
 GLONASS
• Russian equivalent to GPS, developed in the 80s
 GALILEO
• Europe’s GNSS, civil system, under development
 Compass
• China’s global navigation satellite system, under
development
 IRNSS
• India’s global navigation satellite system, under
development
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
(IRNSS)
 IRNSS is planned to be an independent
regional navigation system covering an
area of about 1500 kms around India.

 7 satellites constellation

 Will provide <10 m accuracy over India


and adjacent countries.

 Expected to be completed in 5-6 years


GPS Applications
 Utility mapping  Construction applications

 Forestry and precision farming


GPS Applications
 GPS for monitoring structural deformations

 GPS for marine and land seismic surveying.

 GPS for airborne mapping.


GPS Applications
 GPS for airborne mapping.

Classical aribone photogrammery LIDAR system mapping

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