MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Third Edition
CHAPTER
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. John T. DeWolf Lecture Notes: J. Walt Oler Texas Tech University
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Learning Outcomes
Students will be able to:
a)To understand the strength of the materials as mechanical properties. b)Determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded member
2-2
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics analyses alone are not sufficient. Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate. Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires consideration of deformations in the member. Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under axial loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending loads.
2-3
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Conventional StressStrain Diagram Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by dividing the applied load P by the specimens original crossP sectional area. = A 0 Nominal or engineering strain is obtained by dividing the change in the = L0 specimens gauge length by the specimens original gauge length. 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Normal Strain
2P P = = 2A A = L
P = A 2 = = 2L L
2-5
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress-Strain Test
2-6
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
2-7
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
2-8
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
2-9
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
If the strain disappears when the stress is removed, the material is said to behave elastically. The largest stress for which this occurs is called the elastic limit. When the strain does not return to zero after the stress is removed, the material is said to behave plastically.
2 - 10
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Deformations Under Axial Loading
From Hookes Law:
= E
P = E AE
From the definition of strain: = L Equating and solving for the deformation, PL = AE With variations in loading, cross-section or material properties, PL = i i i Ai Ei
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2 - 11
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example
SOLUTION: Divide the rod into components at the load application points. Apply a free-body analysis on each component to determine the internal force. Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown under the given loads. Evaluate the total of the component deflections.
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
SOLUTION: Divide the rod into three components:
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial loading: x = x y = z = 0 E The elongation in the x-direction is accompanied by a contraction in the other directions. Assuming that the material is isotropic (no directional dependence),
y = z 0
Poissons ratio is defined as y lateral strain = = = z axial strain x x
2 - 14
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Poissons Ratio
Poissons ratio, v (nu), states that in the elastic range, the ratio of these strains is a constant since the deformations are proportional. v = lat long
hird dition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
For most engineering materials the elastic behaviour is linear, so Hookes Law for shear applies.
= G