CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Science

PN NOR HAPISZAH BINTI ARIPEN

What is Science???
Science is the systematic study of natural phenomena(fenomena alam) What is natural phenomena? Natural phenomena that happen in our environment can be explained through science.

Example of natural phenomena that occur in everyday life

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ball falling to the ground ( bola jatuh ke bwh) Melting of ice (ais mencair) A baby growing into an adult Evaporation of water (penyejatan air) Lightning strikes (kejadian kilat) Flowers blossoming (bunga berkembang)

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING!!!!

1. Which of the following is a natural phenomenon? A) Air pollution B) Boiling of water C) Formation of rainbow D) Information and communication technology

Importance of science (kepentingan sains)

1. Through science we get to know and understand the environment and ourselves.(dpt mempelajari & memahami alam di sekeliling dan diri kita). 2. Science enables us to develop new technologies.(memperkembangkan pelbagai teknologi baru) 3. Science has helped us to produce more food,new materials and more efficient appliances for our benefit.

Contributions of science and technology to the lives of human beings (Sumbangan sains dan teknologi kpd manusia) Transport (pengangkutan) Communication (perhubungan) Entertainment (hiburan) Agriculture (pertanian) Comforts of life (keselesaan hidup) Healt (kesihatan) Space pioneering (penerokaan angkasa lepas)

Science covers a very wide area of study. It is divided into various fields, such as
Biology : the study of living thing Physics : the study of interaction of matter and energy Chemistry : the study of composition and chemical properties of substances Geology : the study of rocks and minerals Astronomy : the study of the stars and planets Meteorology : the study of weather and climate

Career in science (kerjaya dlm bidang sains)

Science teacher (guru sains) what else??? doctor scientist Engineer

exercise
1. Science is the A. study of matter B. knowledge obtained from experiments C. study of natural phenomena D. the investigation of our environment

2. Which of the following is NOT a natural phenomenon?

A. B. C. D. Pollution Earthquakes Rainbows Eclipse of the sun and the moon

3. Which of the following is an example of natural phenomena?

A. B. C. D. Pollution in the water A robot that can move An object falling to the ground Factory that produces good quality canned sardines

4. If Ali is interested in the study of planets and stars, which field of study should he take up
A. B. C. D. Geology Astronomy Meteorology Biochemistry

5. The following are some topics covered by an area of science.

Matter Energy Force and motion What is this area of science? A) Biology C) Physics B) Chemistry D) Meterology

6. A metereologist studies
A) B) C) D) Chemical properties of substances. Matter and energy Planets and stars Weather and climate

1.2 A SCIENCE LABORATORY Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions m/s 5

1. You should only enter a science laboratory with your teacher s permission 2. You must not bring food and drinks into the science laboratory 3. You are not allowed to enter the preparation rooms and stores.

4. You must not take out apparatus or chemicals from the laboratory. 5. You should only use apparatus and chemicals with the teacher s permission 6. All the apparatus and chemicals must only be used for the purpose instructed by the teacher 7. Materials must be handled correctly, for example, bottles should not be carried by the neck 8. You must not taste any chemicals unless your teacher instructs you to do so

9. You must always check the label on the bottle to make sure that you are using the correct chemical. 10. Should a chemical accidentally come into contact with your mouth, you should spit it out and wash your mouth with plenty of water. 11.Should a chemical come into contact with your skin or clothing, wash thoroughly with water. 12. You must report all accidents and injuries such as cuts and burns to your teacher immediately

13. You should NOT PLAY in the laboratory 14. You should NOT PLAY with apparatus and chemicals

Question
1. Which of the following is NOT a laboratory safety rule? A. You should not play in the laboratory B. You can taste the chemicals in the laboratory C. Enter a science laboratory with teacher s permission only D. All accidents and injuries must be reported to the teacher immediately

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

crucible

Test tube

Evaporating dish

Cork / rubber stopper

Test tube holder

Syringe

Glass slide

Stop watch

beaker

Conical flask

Flat-bottomed flask

Filter funnel

Tripod stand

Bunsen burner

Test tube rack

Glass rod

Retort stand and retort clamp

burette

Gas jar

Crucible tongs

pipette

Measuring cylinder

thermometer

EXERCISE : Match the following apparatus to their general uses

apparatus (a) Glass rod (b) Gas jar (c) thermometer (d) beaker (e) Test tube holder use to measure temperature to stir solution in a container to hold test tubes to contain chemicals and liquids to contain gas

Using a Bunsen burner

m/s 10

1. The Bunsen burner has an air-hole. The airhole can be open or closed by turning the collar. (a) When the air-hole is open, the Bunsen burner gives a BLUE flame. This is called a non-luminous flame. The flame is very HOT because the gas is burned completely

b) When the air-hole is closed, the burner gives a YELLOW flame. This is easier to see and it is called a luminous flame. This flame is LESS HOT and produces a lot of black soot because the gas is not burned completely.

The correct way to light up a Bunsen burner is as follows:

(i) Close the air-hole by turning the collar (ii) Hold a lighted match or a lighter at the top of the barrel (iii) Turn on the gas slowly. A yellow or luminous flame will be obtained (iv) Open the air-hole to obtain a blue or nonluminous flame.

Hazard symbols

Example : hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide

 Example : white phosphorus , yellow phosphorus, petrol, kerosene, ethanol

 Example : sodium, potassium

 Example : mercury, lead , sodium cyanide, hydrogen sulphide

 Example : ammonia , bromine vapour, chloroform

 Example : uranium , thorium , radium

Exercise
1. Evaporating dish is used A. to contain chemicals B. for heating chemicals C. for evaporating a liquid D. to transfer small quantities of liquids

2. In some experiments, we need to stir solutions in the containers. What do we use to stir the solution?
A. B. C. D. Pipette Spatula Glass rod Thermometer

3. Crucible is used
A. B. C. D. To contain gas For heating chemicals To contain chemicals and liquids To support apparatus and ensure even heatingn

4. Diagram 1 shows an apparatus

The apparatus is used to A. Contain liquids B. Measure temperature C. Transfer small quantities of liquids D. Measure fixed volume of solutions accurately

5. Diagram 2 shows an apparatus

The apparatus is used to A. Contain gas B. Measure volume of liquids C. Contain chemicals and liquids D. Filter mixtures of solids and liquids

6. What do we use in the science laboratory to measure time?

A. B. C. D. Stopwatch Digital clock Cathode ray oscilloscope The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum

7. Diagram 3 shows a hazard symbol commonly found in a laboratory

The hazard symbol indicates the presence of all of the chemicals below except A. Uranium B. Sodium C. Thorium D. Radium

8. Diagram 4 shows a symbol shown on the label of bottle which contains a chemical

The hazard symbol is for A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Mercury D.kerosene

1.3 The steps in scientific investigation(langkah-langkah penyiasatan saintifik)

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Identify the problem (kenalpasti masalah) State the hypothesis (buat hipotesis) Plan the experiment (rancang eksperimen) Control the variables (kawal pembolehubah) Collect the data (kumpul data) Analyse the data (analisis data) Make a conclusion (buat kesimpulan) Prepare a report (buat laporan)

exercise
1. The steps of scientific investigation are given below. Rearrange them to show the correct order. (a) drawing a conclusion (b) analysing the data (c) proposing a hypothesis (d) identifying the problem (e) plan the experiment (f) collecting the data (g) control the variables

2. Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

A. B. C. D. Controlling variables Writing a report Making a hypothesis Identifying the problem

3. The following information shows the procedures of a scientific experiment.

S to make a hypothesis T to make a conclusion U to observe and record data V to analyse and interpret data The correct sequence is A) V , U , T , S C) U , V , S , T B) U , S , V , T D) S , U , V , T

4. Which of the following is known as making a smart guess to explain the problem before conducting an experiment?
A) B) C) D) A theory A practical A hypothesis A conclusion

5. What should be done after one has made a hypothesis?

A) B) C) D) Plan the experiment Analyze the data operating Collect the data Control the various variables

PEKA SCIENCE

1.4 Physical Quantities And Their Units

Physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured. ( kuantiti fizik ialah kuantiti yg boleh diukur.) 5 physical quantities : length, mass, time, temperature, electric current Physical quantity is measured in the International System of Units ( SI units)

Physical quantities and their units

Physical quantity length time mass temperature Electric current SI unit metre second kilogram kelvin ampere Unit symbol m s kg K A

Question..
1. Name five physical quantities?

exercise
1) Match the physical quantity and its SI units
Physical quantity (a)Time (b) Mass (c) Length (d) Temperature (e) Electric current SI unit Kilogram Ampere Kelvin Metre second

Prefixes
Prefixes are used when the values measured are either very small or very big (imbuhan awal digunakan apabila nilai yg diukur adalah sgt kecil atau sgt besar)

Prefixes
Prefix Giga Mega Kilo Deci Centi Milli Micro Symbol G M k d c m Numerical value 1000000000 1000000 1000 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001

EXAMPLE
Value of physical quantity 5000 000 K 3000 g 0.008 m 0.000 006 A Prefix form 5MK 3 kg 8 mm 6 A

exercise
1. Write each of the following values in prefix form: (a) 0.08 m = (b) 6000 g = (c) 0.007 A = (d) 5 500 m = (e) 0.009 m =

answer
(a) 0.08 m = 8 cm (b) 6000 g = 6 kg (c) 0.007 A = 7 mA (d) 5 500 m = 5.5 km (e) 0.009 m = 9 mm

2. Write each of the following values in the scientific notation form.

(a) 0.0028 m = _______________mm (b) 7 700 m = ______________km (c) 0.310 g = ________________mg (d) 0.000005 m = _______________m (e) 0.004 A = _____________mA (f) 80 000 000 K = __________________MK (g) 100 g = ____________kg (h) 3.3 m = _____________cm

3. Which of the following prefixes has the smallest value?

A. B. C. D. Mega Micro Centi Milli

4. Which of the following pairs is correct?

Value of physical quantity A. 3 000 000 K B. 400 g C. 0.7 m D. 0.00008 A Prefix form 3MK 4 kg 7 mm 8 A

5. Which of the following is the correct numerical value of milli?

A) B) C) D) 0.01 0.000001 0.001 1000

6. Which of the following has the same values as 7 cm ?

A) B) C) D) 0.007 m 70mm 0.7 m 7000 km

7. 10 kg is the same as
A) B) C) D) 0.001 g 1000 g 0.1 g 10 000 g

1.5 WEIGHT AND MASS

Mass 1. The mass of an object is the quantity of matter in an object.(jisim suatu objek adalah kuantiti jirim dlm suatu objek) 2. SI unit : kilogram (kg) 3. Mass remains constant everywhere.(jisim kekal tetap dimana-mana) 4. Measuring tools : lever balance, beam balance,electronic balance (neraca tuas,imbangan alur, penimbang elektronik)

Weight (berat)
1. Weight the gravitational force acting on the object. (daya graviti yg bertindak pd objek) 2. SI unit : Newton (N) 3. Not constant but varies from place to place because gravitational force changes from place to place.(tdk tetap ttp berubah-ubah dr satu tmpt ke tmpt yg lain krn daya graviti berubah dr 1 tmpt dgn 1 tmpt yg lain)

4) Measuring tools : spring balance and compression spring balance. (neraca spring & neraca spring mampatan)

Differences between mass and weight

Mass (jisim) SI unit is kilogram Measured by using beam balance or lever balance It is a constant The amount of matter contained in an object Weight (berat) SI unit is Newton Measured by using spring balance or compression balance Its value varies from place to place The pull of the Earth s gravitational force on an object

Exercise
1. The weight of an object is A. the same as its mass B. measured in kilogram C. the quantity of matter in the object D. the pull of the Earth s gravity on that object

2. Which of the following statements correctly describes mass and weight?

A) Mass and weight have the same SI unit B) The mass and weight of an object do not change no matter where the object is C) An object that contains matter can have zero mass or weight. D) Weight is a force whereas mass is not a force.

1.6 MEASURING TOOLS

Measurement of length
description unit Measuring tools Ruler, opisometer, external calipers, internal calipers, meter screw gauge, vernier calipers

Distance between Kilometre (km) two points (jarak di Metre (m) antara dua titik) Centimetre (cm) Millimetre (mm) Micrometre (m)

Physical quantity Straight line less than 1 m Straight line more than 1 m curve

External diameter Internal diameter

Measuring tool Metre rule or half-metre rule Measuring tape (pita pengukur) String and a ruler or opisometer (pengukur peta) External calipers and a ruler (angkup luar) Internal calipers and a ruler (angkup dalam)

Measurement of area
description Total surface covered within the edges of an object unit Kilometre square (km2) Metre square (m2) Centimetre square (cm2) Millimeter square (mm2) Measuring tools Using mathematical formulae (for regular shapes) and check marks on graph paper (for irregular shapes)

regular shape area = x y y

x area = x y x

Estimating the area of irregular shape

 The area of this shape = ( 17 + 8 ) = 25

EUREKA TIN

Measurement of volume
description Total space occupied by an object (isipadu suatu objek adlh ruang yg diisi oleh objek itu) unit Cubic metre (m3) Cubic centimetre (cm3) Millilitre (ml) Litre (l) Measuring tools Measuring cyclinder, burette , pipette, by water displacement method

1. Volume of regular and irregular solids can be estimated by using the water displacement method (KAEDAH SESARAN AIR)

2. The correct way to take the reading of the volume of water or mercury is at the meniscus level.

The importance of standard units

1. Make the communication and sharing of information among scientists easier. (memudahkan komunikasi dan perkongsian maklumat di kalangan saintis) 2. Simplify international trade. (memudahkan perdagangan antarabangsa)

Question
1. The diameter of a ping-pong ball can be measured by using A. internal calipers and a ruler B. external calipers and a ruler C. string and a ruler D. measuring tape

2. The area of irregular objects can be estimated by using

A. B. C. D. Ruler Calipers Grid paper Measuring cylinder

3. The area of an irregular shaped of cardboard can be measured by

A) B) C) D) Metre rule Measuring tape Graph paper Eureka can

TEST YOURSELF!!!
PLAY THE GAME IN GROUPING ONE GROUP HAVE 4 MEMBER

1 6 11 16

2 7 12 17

3 8 13 18

4 9 14 19

5 10 15 20

1) The distance between points is known as A) length B) area C) Celsius D) seconds

2) Which of the following is NOT an SI unit?

A) B) C) D) m kg second inch

3) What is the standard unit of measurement for mass?

A) B) C) D) Metres Kilograms Seconds kilometres

4) Science is the study of

A) B) C) D) Human being Natural phenomena Discoveries and invention Living things

5)

ic f t e f ll i g is t e first step i t e scie tific et ?

A) Controlling variables B) riting a report C) Making a ypot esis D) I entifying t e proble

6) What is the SI unit for length?

A) B) C) D) Centimetre Metre Kilometre millimetre

7) Which of the following pairs of physical quantities and their SI unit is correct?
Physical quantity temperature time Weight electrical current SI unit Celsius hour Kilogram Ampere

A) B) C) D)

8) Which of the following pairs of prefix and symbol is correct? A) B) C) D) prefix kilo centi micro milli Symbol k ct m ml

9) Figure shows a hazardous symbol found on a chemical bottle.

The symbol shows that the chemical is D) flammable A) Poisonous B) Irritating C) corrosive

10)Which of the following represents the prefix value of milli?

A) B) C) D) 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

11. Name the field of study of planets and stars.

A. B. C. D. Geology Meteorology Astrology Astronomy

12. Write 760 000 g using the prefix of kilo.

A. B. C. D. 7.6 kg 76 kg 760 kg 7600 kg

13. Which of the following pairs of prefix and symbol is correct?

Prefix A. kilo B. centi C. micro D. milli Symbol K Ct m ml

14. Which of the following pairs of prefix and value is correct?

Prefix A. mega B. kilo C. centi D. milli Value 10 000 1 000 0.1 0.01

back

15. Which of the following is usually the last step in a scientific investigation?
A. B. C. D. Writing a report Collecting data Forming a hypothesis Conducting an experiment

16. Three basic SI measurements are

A. B. C. D. Length, mass and time Length, weight and time Length, volume and area Energy, force and volume

17. Mass of empty beaker = 200 g Mass of beaker with water = 260 g
What is the mass of water? A. 60 g B. 140 g C. 230 g D. 460 g

18. Which of the following is not a scientific studies?

A. B. C. D. Geology Meteorology Economics Physics

19. The following shows the steps of a scientific investigation.

P : Plan the experiment Q : Identify the problem R : Make a conclusion S : Make a hypothesis

The correct sequence of these steps is A. B. C. D. P S Q R Q S P R R P S Q R Q S P

20. The table shows some physical quantities and their respective units. Which one is correct?
Physical quantity A. Length B. Temperature C. Time D. Mass SI unit Kilometre Kelvin Minute gram

GOOD!!!

Sorry!!!

SORRY!!!

ANSWER IS WRONG!!!