GAMETOGENESIS

Aims and Objective 1. To describe events occurring in the normal: 1.1 Meiosis 1.2 Gametogenesis 1.2.1. Spermatogenesis 1.2.2. Oogenesis To describe the abnormal gametes and the clinical correlations.

2.

Lecture Outline
  

  

Nomenclature Meiosis Gametogenesis  Spermatogenesis; spermiogenesis  Oogenesis Spermatogenesis: different stages Abnormal gametes and clinical correlates Review questions

1 single-structured chromosome contains 1 chromatid

Centromere

1 double-structured chromosome contains 2 chromatids

Short arm Long arm

1 pair of double-structured chromosomes contain 4 chromatids

Cells having two sets of chromosomes - 46 in number, (i.e. 23 pairs) are referred to as diploid or 2n cells Gametes have one set of chromosomes - 23 in number, are referred to as haploid or 1n cells Thus gametes (spermatozoa, ova) only have half the normal complement of chromosomes

 

Haploid cells cannot be produced by mitosis Haploid cells can only be produced by meiosis

Normal Female Karyotype (46, XX)

B
1 2 3 4 5

C (minus X)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

D
13 14 15 16 17 18

F
19 20 X X 21 22

Normal Male Karyotype (46, XY)

B
1 2 3 4 5

C
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

D
13 14 15 16 17 18

F
19 20 X Y 21 22

Cell Type Primordial germ cells Spermatogonia Oogonia Zygote Blastomeres All normal somatic cells  Primary spermatocytes  Primary oocytes
       Secondary spermatocytes  Secondary oocytes  Spermatid, spermatozoa  Mature oocytes (Ova)

No. of chromosomes, Amount of DNA

46, 2n

46, 4n 23, 2n 23, n

Homologous chromosomes (Homologs)

 

Pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) In the form of double chromatid chromosomes.

Crossing over Random exchange of genetic materials between homologous chromosomes.

Homologous chromosomes (Homologs)

 

Pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) In the form of double chromatid chromosomes.

Crossing over Random exchange of genetic materials between homologous chromosomes.

MEIOSIS

A special type of cell division consisting of two meiotic cell divisions.

 

1st Meiotic Division (Reductional Division) 2nd Meiotic Division (Equatorial Division)

Takes place in germ cells only

MEIOSIS
1st Meiotic Division
(Reductional Division)

2nd Meiotic Division

(Equatorial Division)

   

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

   

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

MEIOSIS
1st Meiotic Division
(Reductional Division)

2nd Meiotic Division

(Equatorial Division)

 Prophase I  Leptotene  Zygotene  Pachytene  Diplotene  Metaphase I  Anaphase I  Telophase I

   

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

S Phase

Prophase I

DNA duplication

Leptotene Condensation of chromosomes Zygotene Pairing-synapsing of chromosomes Crossing over: Random exchange of genetic materials between homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes (Homologs)  Pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent)  Each is a double chromatid chromosome

Pachytene Crossing over of chromatids Dictyotene Separation of chromosome pairs revealing chiasmata

MEIOSIS - I

S Phase

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

DNA duplication

Leptotene Condensation of chromosomes Zygotene Pairing-synapsing of chromosomes

Metaphase I Homologous chromosome pairs at equatorial plane Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles Telophase I Migrating chromosomes reach the poles

Pachytene Crossing over of chromatids Dictyotene Separation of chromosome pairs revealing chiasmata

MEIOSIS - I

S Phase

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

DNA duplication

At the end of 1st meiotic (reductional) division, each daughter cell (2o spermatocyte or 2o oocyte) has a haploid chromosome number but still as double chromatid chromosomes

2nd meiotic (equatorial) division follows 1st meiotic division without DNA replication

S Phase

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

DNA duplication

Prophase II Condensation again of chromosomes of daughter cells Metaphase II Migration of chromosomes toward the equator Anaphase II Chromosomes divide longitudinally Separation (disjunction) of chromosomes Telophase II Each half of chromosome or chromatid is drawn or migrates toward and reach the opposite poles Cytokinesis Constriction of cell across the nuclear membrane and division into two cells

S Phase

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

DNA duplication

Prophase II Condensation again of chromosomes of daughter cells Metaphase II Migration of chromosomes toward the equator Anaphase II Separation (disjunction) of chromosomes Chromosomes divide longitudinally Telophase II Each half of chromosome or chromatid is drawn or migrates toward the opposite poles Cytokinesis Constriction of cell across the nuclear membrane and division into two cells

MEIOSIS

1st Meiotic Division (Reductional Division)



It is known as reductional division because the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid. i.e. diploid germ cells give rise to haploid gametes (sperms and oocytes)

MEIOSIS

2nd Meiotic Division (Equatorial Division)



Follows the 1st meiotic division without interphase or DNA replication. Each chromosome divides longitudinally. Each half of chromosome or chromatid is drawn or migrates toward the opposite poles.

 

MEIOSIS

2nd Meiotic Division (Equatorial Division)



Each daughter cell so formed .  now has a single chromatid chromosome.  retains a haploid number (23) of chromosomes.  contains a representative of each of the chromosome pair.

MEIOSIS

 Replication (of DNA) always precedes 1st meiotic division  No replication precedes the 2nd meiotic division

MEIOSIS
Significance of meiosis


Provides for constancy of chromosomal number from generation to generation. Allows random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes between gametes. Relocates segments of maternal and paternal chromosomes by crossing over of chromosome segments resulting in recombination of genetic material.

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 1n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Events Occurring During Gametogenesis

Before meiosis 2n/46 single (2n/23 pairs single) Replication 4n/46 double (4n/23 pairs double) 1st maturation division 2n/23 double

2nd maturation division 1n/23 single

Primordial germ cells

Yolk sac

The first human germ cells (primordial germ cells) appear in the wall of the yolk sac (3rd week)

Primordial germ cells

Yolk sac

Primordial cells later differentiate into mature gametes The germ cells, through amoeboid movement, move towards spermatogonia (male) or oogonia (female)week i.e. the gonads where they arrive at about 5th

GAMETOGENESIS
    

It is the process of formation and development of gametes Prepares the gametes for fertilization. Reduces the number of chromosomes. Alters shape of the cells. Consists of:  Spermatogenesis (in male)  Oogenesis (in female)

SPERMATOGENESIS

   

Process which transforms spermatogonia into spermatozoa (sperms). Begins at puberty (13- 16 years). Continues into old age. Entire process of spermatogenesis including the spermiogenesis, takes about 2 months.

Events occurring during Spermatogenesis

Primordial germ cell (46/2n single) Spermatogonium (46/2n single)

Dormant primordial germ cell differentiates into spermatogonium (at the time of puberty) Spermatogonium differentiates into a primary spermatocyte.

Replication
Primary Spermatocyte (46/4n double)

1st meiotic division

2 Spermatocytes (23/2n double)
o

1 spermatocyte enters 1st meiotic division, resulting in formation of 2 o daughter cells (2 spermatocytes). 2 spermatocytes enter 2nd meiotic division, resulting in formation of 2 daughter cells (spermatids). Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis and finally become the spermatozoa.
o

2nd

meiotic division

Spermatids (23/1n single)

Spermiogenesis
Spermatozoa (23/1n single)

SPERMIOGENESIS
Spermatid nucleus

 

The last phase of spermatogenesis. Rounded spermatids are transformed into elongated spermatozoa (sperms).

acrosome

Changes taking place:  Condensation of nucleus (forming most of the head)  Formation of acrosome or acrosomal cap (which covers the nucleus) Shedding of most of the cytoplasm Formation of a tail (which includes the middle piece or mitochondrial sheath)

cytoplasm shedded


head tail

Spermatozoa

Parts of a Spermatozoa (Sperm)

Oogenesis

  

Process which transforms oogonia into mature ova. Begins at birth. Completed after puberty

Events occurring during Oogenesis

Primordial germ cell (46/2n single) Oogonium (46/2n single)

Primordial germ cell differentiates into oogonium. Oogonium later differentiates into primary oocyte.

Primary Oocyte (46/4n double)

1st meiotic division

2o Oocyte (23/2n double) 1st polar body

Primary oocyte enters 1st meiotic division resulting in formation of one 2o oocyte and one 1st polar body 2o oocyte enters 2nd meiotic division Ifofertilization does not occur: 2 oocyte degenerates If fertilization occurs: 2nd meiotic division is completed, resulting in the formation of one mature oocyte + one 2nd polar body

2nd meiotic division

Mature oocyte (23/1n single)

2nd polar bodies

Events occurring during Gametogenesis

Primordial germ cell

Before meiosis
Oogonium

Primordial germ cell Spermatogonium

2n/46 single

After replication
4n/46 double
Primary oocyte Primary spermatocyte

1st meiotic division

2n/23 double
Secondary oocyte 1st Polar body Secondary spermatocyte

2 meiotic division
1n/23 single
2nd Polar bodies Mature oocyte Spermatids

nd

FURTHER READING!

Before DNA replication (S Phase) Chromosomes exist as single chromatid chromosomes.

After DNA replication Chromosomes exist as double chromatid chromosomes.

FURTHER READING!
Ovulation


No primary oocytes are formed after puberty in females, but in contrast .. Primary spermatocytes are continuously formed after puberty in males. Primary oocytes do not finish 1st meiotic division before puberty. Primary oocyte resumes and completes 1st meiotic division just days before ovulation.

FURTHER READING!
Ovulation


When secondary oocyte is shed from the ovary ........ mitotic spindle is formed. 2nd meiotic division in 2 oocyte begins at ovulation.
o

  

2nd meiotic division becomes arrested at metaphase. 2nd meiotic division is completed only when oocyte is fertilized (when sperm penetrates the seondary oocyte) Maturation of oocyte is completed when 2nd polar body is extruded.

FURTHER READING!
Ovulation
 

1st meiotic division is completed just days before ovulation. 2nd meiotic division is completed only when oocyte is fertilized. 2nd meiotic division is completed when sperm penetrates the seondary oocyte. Maturation of oocyte is completed when 2nd polar body is extruded.

FURTHER READING!
Diplotene Stage
 

It is a resting stage between Prophase I and Metaphase I Some primary oocytes may be at rest (dormant) in the diplotene stage for 40 years or more. This arrested state is produced by a peptide, oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI) secreted by follicular cells.

CLINICAL CORRELATES
Diplotene Stage


Primary oocytes in the suspended Prophase I (diplotene) are vulnerable to environmental agents such as radiation. Long duration of the 1st meiotic division may account for high frequency of meiotic errors such as nondisjunction that occur with increasing maternal age.

Nondisjunction = failure of paired chromatids to dissociate

CLINICAL CORRELATES

Likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo increases significantly after the mother is 35. Ideal maternal age for reproduction is 18 -35 years.

CLINICAL CORRELATES
Abnormal Sperms


Up to 10% of sperms ejaculated may be grossly abnormal (double heads). X-rays, severe allergic reactions and antispermatogenic agents may increase the % of abnormally shaped sperms Such abnormally shaped sperms affect fertility if their number exceeds 20%. Abnormal sperms do not fertilize due to:  Lack of normal motility.  Inability to pass through mucus in the cervical canal.

CLINICAL CORRELATES
Abnormal Gametogenesis


Nondisjunction Failure of paired chromatids to dissociate. Due to disturbances of meiosis during gametogenesis, chromosomally abnormal gametes may be formed. If involved in fertilisation, gametes with numerical chromosome abnormalites cause abnormal development
e.g. Down syndrome.

Normal Abnormal Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis

Normal Abnormal Oogenesis Oogenesis

Secondary oocyte 23, X mature follicle

First polar body 23, X

CLINICAL CORRELATES
Further Reading

Chromosomal abnormalities


Numerical abnormalities
(Trisomies, monosomy, mosaicsm)

Structural abnormalities
(Translocations, microdeletions)

Review questions


State what is:  a single-structured chromosome  a double-structured chromosome State what is:  a haploid cell  a diploid cell State which type of cell division can give rise to haploid cells. Explain the terms:  homologous chromosomes  crossing over

Review questions


Name the stage/phase of meiosis at which the following events occur:  condensation of chromosomes  pairing of chromosomes  crossing over of chromatids  separation of chromosome pairs Name the stage/phase of meiosis at which the chromosomes;  lie at the equatorial plane  migrate to opposite poles  reach the poles

Review questions State the difference between Anaphase I and Anaphase II. State the number and type of daughter cells produced by one mother cell, at the end of:  spermatogenesis  oogenesis (if fertilisation occurs) State the significances of meiosis.

Review questions What is diplotene stage and state its clinical significance. Explain nondisjunction. How do abnormal sperms affect fertility.

End of GAMETOGENESIS