We owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported us during this seminar.

My deepest thanks to our lecturers, dr. Amrit pal Kaur Mam, Mr. Jai dev Singh sir and Mr. Himanshu Kumar Sarathe sir. We express our thanks to our dean dr. N.D. Shashikaran sir. And lastly our families who supported us through and through. Thanking you. Smriti Datta (79). Somya Srivastava (80). B.D.S. Ist year.

          

What are minerals? Classification of minerals Iodine Sources : rich, good and poor sources RDA Absorption, storage and transport Plasma iodine Biochemical requirements Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones Deficiency disease Toxicity

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid chemical substance that is formed through geological processes and that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties The study of minerals is called Mineralogy.

Minerals

Principal Elements Also called Macrominerals. Required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day. (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S)

Trace Elements Also called Micro minerals. Required in amounts less than 100 mg/day.

Essential Trace Elements ( Fe, Cu, I, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, F, Se, Cr)

Possibly Essential Trace Elements (Ni, V, Cd, Ba)

Non-Essential Trace Elements (Al, Pb, Hg, B, Ag, Bi)

 

  

Iodine is an essential trace element. The total body contains about 20mg iodine, most of it (80%) being present in the thyroid gland. Muscle, salivary glands and ovaries also contain some amount of iodine. It is a bluish-black solid. It is seen apparently sublimating at normal temperature into a violet-pink gas that has an irritating odour.

   

Rich sources: Seafood Sea vegetables Table salt

    

Good sources: Cod Sea bass Perch Haddock

 

Poor sources: Dairy products

RDA for Infants Children Men Women Pregnant women Lactating women

In Micrograms Per Day 40 60 - 110 110 - 150 80 - 115 125 150

Iodine as iodide is mainly absorbed from small intestine. Normally, about 30% of dietary iodine is taken up by the intestinal cells. Iodine absorption also occurs through skin and lungs.

  

About 80% of bodys iodine is stored in the organic form as iodothyroglobulin (a glycoprotein) in the thyroid gland. This protein contains thyroxine, diiodotyrosine and triiodothyronine in different proportions. Excretion of iodine mostly occurs through kidney. It is also excreted through saliva, bile, skin, and milk (in lactating women).

 

 

The normal concentration of plasma iodine is 4-10 mg/dl. Most of this is present as protein bound iodine (PBI) and represents the iodine contained in the circulating thyroid hormones. PBI level decreases in hypothyroidism and increase in hyperthyroidism. RBC do not contain iodine.

  

The only known function of iodine is its requirement for the syntesis of thyroid hormones namely, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are involved in several biochemical functions. Functionally, T3 is more active than T4. Stimulates metabolic activities and increases oxygen consumption in most of the tissues of the body (except brain, lungs, testes and retina).

 

Uptake of iodide: The uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland occurs against a concentration gradient (about 20:1). It is an energy requiring process and is linked to the ATPase dependent sodiumpotassium pump. Iodide uptake is primarily controlled by TSH.

Antithyroid agents such as thiocynate and perchlorate inhibit iodide transport. Formation of active iodide: Thyroid is the only tissue that can oxidize I- to a higher valence state I+. This reaction requires Hydrogen peroxide and is catalysed by the enzyme thyroperoxidase.

  

 

 

NADPH dependent system supplies hydrogen peroxide. TSH promotes the oxidation of iodide to active iodine while the antithyroid drugs (thiourea, thiouracil, methinazole) inhibit. Thyroglobulin and synthesis of T3 and T4: Thyroglobulin contains about140 tyrosine residues which can serve as substrates for iodine for the formation of thyroid hormones.

Tyrosine (of thyroglobulin) is first iodinated at position 3 to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and then at position 5 to form diiodotyrosine (DIT). Two molecules of DIT couple to form thyroxine (T4). One molecule of MIT, when coupled with one molecule of DIT, triiodothyronine (T3) is produced.

GOITER: Any abnormal increase in the size of the thyroid gland is known as goiter. Enlargement of thyroid gland is mostly to compensate the decreased synthesis of thyroid hormones and is associated with elevated TSH. Goiter is primarily due to a failure in the auto regulation of T3 and T4 synthesis. This may be caused by deficiency or excess of iodine.

SIMPLE ENDEMIC GOITER: This is due to iodine deficiency in the diet. It is mostly found in geographical regions away from sea coast where the water and soil are low in iodine content. Consumption of iodized salt is advocated to overcome the problem of endemic goiter. In certain cases administration of thyroid hormone is also employed.

CRETINISM: Cretinism is a condition associated with iodine deficiency and goiter, commonly characterized by mental deficiency, deaf-mutism, squint, disorders of stance and gait, stunted growth and hypothyroidism.

 

Excess iodide (more than 1.1 mg/day) has symptoms similar to that in iodine deficiency. Commonly encountered conditions are abnormal growth of thyroid gland and disorders in the functioning of the organism as a whole.


 

Biochemistry by U.Satyanarayan and U.

Chakrapani Wikipedia Internet