Susie Clabots, Kristi Eilers, Liz Hopewell, Sarah Kline, Robin Simmons
Background
Diploma in nursing, 1936 Bachelor of Science degree, 1937 MSN from Teachers College, 1945 Doctorate degree in science at John Hopkins University, 1954 Public Health Nurse Visiting Nurse Head of Nursing, NYU
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Origins
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Evolutionary theory General systems theory Physics Adaptation More specifically, her love of science fiction and Music (Meleis, 2007)
Central Questions
1. What is the focus of nursing? 2. What knowledge gives nursing an identity? 3. Who is the nursing client? 4. What is the relationship between man and environment? 5. What are the phenomena of concern in nursing? 6. What knowledge is needed to develop the science of nursing?
Energy Fields
Qui i
Fundamental unit of living and nonliving. Energy refers to dynamic nature, i.e., continuous motion or change. i ure. Infinite. Humans and environment do not HAVE energy fields. THEY ARE ENERGY FIELDS.
Openness
Openness is a characteristic of both humans and environment. Transcend time and space. The energy fields of man and environment are integral with one another.
Pattern
Characteristics of an energy field perceived as a single wave (pg 235). Refers only to an energy field (man and environment). Changes continuously.
Four-Dimensionality
Energy fields (man and environment)
Important Definitions
Unitary: Her theory is called the science of Unitary Human Beings. Unitary refers to being a whole which cannot be broken down into parts, or irreducible. Nursing: While the energy fields of man and environment are outside of time, nursing takes place along a space-time continuum (Meleis, 2007).
Essence of Theory
The energy field of the human being interacts with the energy field environment. (The human being and the environment cannot be understood in isolation of each other). Nursing Client: Human beings-environment energy fields relationship. Nursing therapeutics: Repatterning of man and environment for more effective fulfillment of lifes capabilities (Meleis, 2007).
Clinical Applications
Others have expanded on Rogers theory.
Use of an assessment framework Living in the Relative Present Experiencing comfort from past/present Shared Communication Sense of Rhythm Connection to Environment Sense of Self-Identity
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http://library.utmem.edu/exhibits/newman/
www.medweb.uwcm.ac.uk
Increasing Popularity of Rogers Theory Nursing focus on holism Empowers the patient and the professional nurse as agents for change
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www.societyofrogerianscholars.org
Conceptual Problems
This is a theory whose complexity of the primitive concepts has undermined the clarity of the relationship between the concepts as well as the boundaries Meleis, p. 404.
Overly esoteric one is also faced with the limitations of the existing English language in describing pandimensionality of a human being field and the influence of the tremendous acceleration of change on humanity. (Rogers, 1980a)
Vague definitions leading to debate even among Rogerian scholars. Example: the TT HEF (human energy field) vs. the Rogerian HEF.
Contraindications in the theory occur. Example: delineating the boundary of the human field with instruments (p. 113) but also states that the human field extends to infinity without boundaries.
Criticized as a closed system in which most studies are conducted and/or published within Rogerian scholar circles and publications.
References (1)
Astin J.A., Harkness E. & Ernst E. (2000) The efficacy of distant healing: a systematic review of randomized trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132, 903910. Fawcett, J. (1995). Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing (3rd ed.). F.A. Philadelphia, PA: Davis. Kenny, J. (2002). Philosophical and Theoretical Perspectives for Advanced Nursing Practice (3rd ed.). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Malinski, V.M. (1986). Explorations of Martha Rogers Science of Unitary Human Beings. East Norwalk, CT: Prentice-Hall. Malinski, V. M., & Manhart Barrett, E. A. (1994). Martha E. Rogers: Her Life and Her Work. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. Manhart Barret, E. (2000). The Theoretical Matrix for a Rogerian Nursing Practice. Theoria: Journal of Nursing Theory. Manhart Barrett, E. (1990) Visions of Rogers Science-Based Nursing. New York, NY: National League for Nursing. Meleis, A. I (2007). Theoretical Nursing: Development & Progress. (4th Ed)., Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Williams.
References (2)
OMathna, p. A critical evaluation of the theory and practice of therapeutic touch. Blackwell Science Ltd 2002 Nursing Philosophy, 3, pp. 163176. Raskin, Jef. "Rogerian Nursing Theory: A Humbug in the Halls of Higher Learning", Skeptical Inquirer 24;5 September/October 2000 pp 30-36. (http://jef.raskincenter.org/published/NursingTheoryForSite.html, accessed 9/25/08) Rogers, Martha E. 1970. An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. Rosa, L., E. Rosa, L. Sarner and S. Barrett. 1998. "A Close Look at Therapeutic Touch". JAMA 1 April: 1005-1010.
Winstead-Fry P. & Kijek J. (1999) An integrative review and metaanalysis of therapeutic touch research. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 5, 5867.
Wright, B.W. (2007) . The evolution of Rogers Science of Unitary Human Beings: 21st century reflections. Nursing Science Quarterly. 20(1), 64-67.