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MNATC 2002
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MNATC 2002
Content
General Safety tips Pounding tools Turning tools Cutting tools Measuring tools Clamping tools Laying out and lay out tools Abrasive tools Power tools Workshop theory and application
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I.
Be clean and neat Happy worker Dress safely - Avoid loose fitting . Avoid hazards associated with the use of hand and power tools.
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Hard Hammers
Nail Ball peen Cross/straight Tack / riveting Sledge `(rarely applicable in aviation)
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Principal Parts
Handle Eye Poll Neck Cheek Ball peen / cross peen
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Nail Hammers
For common and finishing nails and nail sets. NOT FOR masonry nails, cold chisels, or other metal.
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Sledge Hammer
Not common in a/c work For heavy steel work, forgings.
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Soft Hammer
Can be made with
Plastic, Rawhide, Wood, Brass, Copper, Lead
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Soft Hammer
- Using a hammer or mallet chose the one best suited for the job. -Ensure that the handle is tight - Always strike the work squarely with the full face of the hammer -Always keep the faces of hammer s and mallet s smooth and free from dents ,chips ,or gouges to prevent marring the work
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Screw driver
Can be classified by it shape ,type of blade and blade length
The main purpose for tightening and loosing screw and screw head bolts. Using the common screw driver ,select the largest screwdriver whose blade will make a good fit in the screw that is to be turned Screwdriver must fill at least 75% of the screw slot
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Screw driver
- If the screwdriver the wrong size of , it cuts burrs the screw slot ,making it worthless - Slip and damage adjacent parts of the structure - damage may be so severe that the use of screw extractor may be required - Two type of recessed head screws in common heads uses are the Phillips and Reed and prince recessed head - Both the Phillips and Reed and prince recessed heads are optional on several types of screw
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Screw driver
-An Offset screw divider may be used when a vertical space is limited - Offset screw dividers are constructed with both ends bent 90 degree to the shank handle . - Screw dividers should never be used for chiseling or prying - Do not use a screw driver to check an electric circuit since an electric arc will burn the tip and make it useless . - When using a screw driver on a small part always hold the part in the vise or rest it on work bench .
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Screw driver
-Do not hold the part in the hand ,as the screwdriver may slip and causes serious personal injury - Replicable tip screwdriver Some times preferred for the quick changing of screwdriver tip ,it become worn .It is economical . - Power screwdriver has replaced most automatic or spiral screwdrivers for the removal of multiple screws from an airframe . - Care must be exercised when using a power screwdriver
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wrenches
- Most often used in air craft maintenance are classified as open end, box-end , socket ,adjustable, ratcheting and special wrenches - One of the most widely used metals for making wrenches is chrome-vanadium steel. -The Allen wrench is required on one special type of recessed screw.
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wrenches
A socket wrenched is made of two parts
1.The socket ,which is placed over the top of a nut or bolt head 2.A handle ,which is attached to the socket Many types of handles, extension s, and attachments are available to make it possible to use socket wrenches in almost any location or portion They have either a four, six , or twelve-sided recess a nut or bolt that needs regular adjustment .
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Adjustable wrench is a handy utility tool that has smooth jaws and is designed as an open-end wrench .one jaw is fixed, but the another may be moved by a thumbscrew or spiral screwworm adjustment in the handle .
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wrenches
-Box-end wrenches are popular tools b/c of their usefulness in close quarter , Since they are completely surrounded the nut or bolt head we call box wrenches -
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wrenches
Special wrenches - Crowfoot- accessing nuts must be removed from studs or
bolt that can not be accessed using other tools -it can be used in conjunction with a torque wrench
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is for around nut with a series of notches cut in the outer edge
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-Straight used to cut straight - Curved - cutting inside of curves or radii - aviation snips usually designed especially for cutting heat treated Aluminum alloy and stainless steel Unlike the hacksaw , snips do not remove any material when the cut Is made ,but the minute fracture often occur along the cut
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Hacksaws
1- Select the appropriate saw blade for the job 2- Assemble the blade in the frame so that the cutting edge of the teeth points away from the handle 3- Adjust tension of the blade in the frame to prevent the saw from buckling and drifting 4- Clamp the work 5- Indicate the starting point 6- Hold the saw at an angle that it will keep at least two teeth in contact 7- after the first few strokes ,make each stroke as long as The hacksaw frame will allow . This will prevent over heating 8- clean, remove chips ,loose tension on the blade
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Chisels
- It is a hard steel cutting tool that can be used for cutting and chipping any metals softer than the chisel it self
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Files
Most files are made of high-grade tool steels that are hardened an tempered. Size of file The size of the file is indicated by its length For general work 200mm to 450mm For fine work 100mm to 200mm
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Shape of file
Flat file -Square file - Pillar file - Triangular file -Round file -Half-round
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METHOD OF FILING 1.Cross- filing- it is the most common method of filling for general shaping work -It is used for efficient removal of maximum amount of metal in the shortest possible time 2. Straight filling it is specially use full on long and narrow pieces of work whose width is less than that of the file. In this method the file stroke is made nearly at right angles to the length of the work 3. Draw filling- the draw filling is used to remove file marks and for finishing operation. For this purpose a fine cut file with a flat face should be used
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CARE OF FILE
1.choose the right file for the material and the work to be performed 2. Keep the file racked and separated so they do not bear against each other 3. Keep the files in a dry place 4. keep the file s clean
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TWIST DRILLS a pointed tool that is rotated to cut hole in a material REAMERS - used to smooth and enlarge holes exact size COUNTER SINK - a tool that cuts a cone shaped depression around the hole to allow a rivet or screw to set flush with the surface of the material TAPS AND DIES Tap- used to cut threads on the inside of a hole Die is for cutting external threads on round stock Magic fingers Mechanical - magnetic
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Pliers
Slip joint gripping and cutting. E.g. installation of cotter pins water pump pliers.
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Measuring tools
Combination set
Basic Measurement
Combination Set Can be used as a ordinary rule 16ths , 32nds scales - Scriber used to draw a line
- Tri-square
90, 45 angles, Bubble Level Protractor Precision angles
Center head
Used to find the center of an object Each head slides along the blade and can be locked in place
The Micrometer
Handle with care Four types of Micrometers Outside Inside Depth Thread Precision measuring instrument
Micrometer (Cont) Used to measure Thickness Diameter Other items Storing a Micrometer Never tighten Anvil against Spindle, leave a small opening Store in a dry place, box, or pouch If dropped, check for accuracy with Gauge Block before using
Least count of micro meter 0.1/4=0.025 0.025/25=0.001 Less than this number we can not read
Depth Micrometer
Used to measure Holes Grooves Recesses When using a Depth Micrometer: Make sure base has a flat, smooth surface to rest on Hold firmly in place to prevent lift-off and ensure an accurate measurement
Calipers
Digital Dial Vernier
Easy to read
Can be used to measure
Outside Inside Depth
Venire Caliper:
The main scale is divided in inches. Each inch is divided into 40 parts, like the sleeve on the micrometer Each division is equal to 0.025 inch A movable jaw that matches the fixed jaw slides along the main scale bar Contains 25 divisions that equal 24 divisions on the main scale
Scan down the movable jaw Vernier scale and select the number that matches up exactly with the main scale Add this number to the numbers from the main scale
1 7 =1.9 7 " =4 .7 7 m 5 9 08 m 4 0 2 5
"
1/40is the least count of vernier caliper in the main scale but 1/(40/25)=.001 the list count of the vernier caliper. 7 Is coincide number in the vernier scale
Telescoping Gauges
Used to measure inside cylinders, typically up to six inches in diameter. Allow spring loaded T gauge to extend to inside opening Lock shaft Measure with micrometer Store with T gauge extended
Dial indicator
-A precision instrument -The linear movement of a spindle amplified by a gear train transmitted in to rotation of a pointer over a graduated dial -The scale on the dial reads both to the right and the left of the zero and thus indicate the instrument is properly adjusted to any variation -Determine the smoothness of concentricity of a surface
vblocks
Made up of either cast iron or steel in various size A 90o V-shaped slot on both top and bottom The size is usually grooved to receive the clamp yoke which serves to hold the work securely in place while it is laid out or drilled
Surface gauges
- The Vertical spindle and the scriber can be adjusted to and locked in any angular position - Used to scribing horizontal line - Used it for locating centers in rough
calipers
-used for measuring diameters and distance or comparing distance and sizes The three common types of calipers are inside out side hermaphrodite
Inside caliper
Have outward curved leg For measuring inside diameter -Ex diameter of holes add fig
Hermaphrodite
Odd leg caliper Marking gauge in a layout work not be used for precision measurement Add fig
protractors
Go-no-go gage
Pitch gauges
Quickly identify the number of teeth per inch Try to mesh the teeth of successive blades and you will eventually find one that fits exactly The number on the gage leave reveal the correct thread pitch
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