The average current in AC source is zero in the full-wave rectifier, thus avoiding problems associated with nonzero average source currents, particularly in transformers. The output of the full-wave rectifier has inherently less ripple than the half-wave rectifier. Uncontrolled and controlled single-phase and threephase full-wave converters used as rectifiers are analyzed.
4-2 Single-phase
full-wave rectifiers
make
it
more
suitable
Fig. 4-2 center-tapped transformer rectifier With electrical isolation, only one diode voltage drop between the source and load, suitable for low-voltage, high-current applications
Resistive
load
Vm sin wt ,0 e wt e T v 0 ( wt ) ! Vm sin wt , T e wt e 2T
1 Vo ! T
Vm sin( wt ) d ( wt ) ! 2 Vm
Io ! Vo
! 2 Vm
(TR)
Ir s ! Im
P ! I 2r s
power factor Pf=1
R-L load
Fig.4-3
g v ( t )! o n cos( n t T ) 0 n!2,4,
Vo ! 2 Vm T
2Vm 1 1 Vn ! T n 1 n 1
Io ! Vo
In ! Vn
Zn
Vn jn L |
essentially
for [L >> R
Source harmonics are rich in the odd-numbered harmonics. Filters reducing the harmonics.
Fig.4-5
For continuous current operation, the only modification to the analysis that was done for R-L load is in the dc term of the Fourier series .The dc component of current in this circuit is.
Capacitance
output
filter:
Fig.
4-6
the angle where the diodes become reverse biased, which is the same as for the half-wave rectifier and is
wt ! T E
Peak-to-peak variation(ripple)
In
,
RC
"" T
wt ! T E
U }T
v0 ( T E ) ! Vm e
T T ( T ) /( [RC ) 2 2
! Vm e T /( [RC )
A
x x2 x3 ex ! 1 ... 1 2 3 w ! 2Tf
is
doubler
Fig. 4-7 (b) Dual voltage rectifier =full-wave rectifier(sw. open)+ voltage doubler(sw. closed)
Fig.4-8
C holds the output voltage at a constant level, and the L smoothes the current from rectifier and reduces the peak current in diodes.
Continuous Current
Vx ! Vo ! 2 Vm
! 2Vm
(TR)
3 VL =0 , full-wave rectified
I ! I R ! Vo
, Ic ! 0
i can be estimate from the first The variation in Ac term (n=2) in the Fourier series. The amplitude of the inductor current for n=2 is
I2 ! V2 V 4Vm / 3T 2Vm ! ! 2 ! Z 2 2[L 2[L 3T[L
where
Vn !
2Vm 1 1 , n!2 T n 1 n 1 I2 IL
For
Continuous current,
2Vm 3T[L
2Vm TR
R L" 3[
3[L "1 R
iL
1
, is positive (
Vm sin wt ! Vo
at
wt ! E
Vo E ! sin Vm
v ! Vm sin wt Vo
1 wt iL ( wt ) ! E ?Vm sin wt VoAd (wt ) [L 1 ! ?Vm(cos E cos wt ) Vowt E
A [L for E e wt e F , F T , iL ( F ) ! 0 , F ! ?
Procedure for determining Vo (1) Estimate a Value for Vo slightly below Vm, and solve (2) Solve (3) Solve
E !?
numerically,
F
ILR
(5) Repeat step (1)~(4) until the computed Vo in step(4) equals the estimated Vo in step(1) Output Voltage for discontinuous current is larger than for continuous current.(see Fig4-8(d))
1 T Vo ! Vm sin( wt )d ( wt ) T E Vm ! ( 1 cos E ) T
Io ! Vo Vm ! (1 cos E ) R TR
E ! delay
angle
I rms ! !
1 T
Vm sin wt ) 2 d ( wt ) R
Vm 1 E sin( 2E ) 4T R 2 2T
to the load
P ! I 2 rmsR
The rms current in source is the same as the rms current in the load.
discontinuous current :
io ( wt ) !
Vm
?sin( [t U ) sin( E U )e
, X!L
( [t E ) /( [X )
for
E e [t e F
Z ! R 2 ( [L ) 2 U ! tan 1 ( [L ) R R
For
discontinuous current
E T
Analysis of the controlled full-wave rectifier operating in the discontinuous current mode is identical to that of the controlled half-wave rectifier, except that the period for the output current is T .
continuous current
wt ! T E , i (T E ) u 0
u0 sin(T E U ) sin(E U )e (T E E ) /([X ) sin(U E ) 1 e T /([X ) sin( U - E ) u 0 (U -E ) u 0 [L E e U ! an ( ) R for continuous current
-1
u0
v0 ( wt ) ! Vo Vn cos( nwt Un)
n !1
g
Vo !
1 T
T E
Vm sin wt d ( wt ) !
2Vm cos E T
Vn ! an bn
an ! bn !
2Vm cos( n 1)E cos( n 1)E n 1 T n 1 2Vm sin( n 1)E sin( n 1)E n 1 T n 1
Un ! an -1 (
bn ) an
n ! 2,4,6,....
Fig 4-12
In ! Vn
! Vn
| R jnw |
g
Irms ! Io
2
n ! 2 ,4...
In 2
)2
Io ! Vo
Fig.4-14
The SCRS may be turned on at any time that they are forward biased, which is at an angle
E u sin 1 (Vdc
Vm
For
2 Vm Vo ! cos E T
average load current is Io !
Vo Vdc R
The ac voltage terms are unchanged from the controlled rectifier with an R-L load. The ac current terms are determined from circuit. Power absorbed by the dc voltage is
dc ! Io Vdc
Power absorbed by resistor in the load is
P ! I 2 rmsR } Io 2 R if
L is l arg e
inverter
For inverter operation, power is supplied by the dc source, and power is absorbed by the bridge and is transferred to the ac system. Vdc and Vo must be negative
00
90 0
Vo " 0
rectifier operation
90 0
180 0
Vo 0
inverter operation
bridge
ac
! IoVo
Diode
ON
Diode
ON
Because of the six transitions that occur for each period of the source voltage, the circuit is called a six-pulse rectifier. vo(t) 3
ia ! i D1 i D 4 i ! i i b D3 D6 ic ! i D 5 i D 2
I D , avg !
I D , rms !
I S ,rms !
1 I o , avg 3
1 3 I o , rms
2 I o , rms 3
S ! 3V
,rms S ,rms
v 0 ( t ) ! Vo
n n ! 6 ,12 ,18..
cos( nw0 t T )
, n ! 6 , 12 , 18, ...
Since the output voltage is periodic with period 1/6 of the ac supply voltage, the harmonics in the output are of order 6k , k=1,2,3, Adevantage output is inherently like a dc voltage, and the highfrequency low-amplitude harmonics enable filters to be effective.
ia !
which consists of terms at fundamental frequency of the ac system and harmonics of order 6k s 1, k=1,2,3, Filters(Fig.4-18) are frequently necessary to prevent harmonic currents to enter the ac system. Resonant filters for 5th and 7th harmonics. High-pass filters for higher order harmonics.
Twelve-pulse rectifiers
using two
six-pulse bridges
of the 9 ( transformer connection is to introduce between the source and bridge. 30 0 inputs to two bridges which are bridge outputs are similar, but also shifted by
30 0
.
the same.
Vo ! Vo ,Y Vo , ( !
3Vm , L L T
cos E
3Vm , L L T
cos E !
6Vm , L L T
cos E
The peak output of the twelve-pulse converter occurs midway between alternate peaks of the six-pulse converters. Adding the voltages at that point for E ! 0r gives
for E ! 0r
Since a transition between conducting SCRs every 30r , there are a total of 12 such transitions for each period of the ac source. The output has harmonic frequencies which are multiple of 12 times the source fre. (12k k=1,2,)
iY (t ) ! 2 3 1 1 1 1 I o (cos w0t cos 5 w0t cos 7 w0t cos 11w0t cos 13w0t ....) T 5 7 11 13 2 3 1 1 1 1 i( (t ) ! I o (cos w0t cos 5 w0t - cos 7 w0t cos 11w0t cos 13w0t ....) T 5 7 11 13 1 1 4 3 iac (t ) ! iY (t ) i( (t ) ! I o (cos w0t - cos 11w0t cos 13w0t ...) T 11 13 iac , harmonic order ! 12k s 1 , k ! 1,2,...
Cancellation of harmonics 6(2n-1) s 1 , n=1, 2, has resulted from this transformer and converter configuration.
This principle can be expanded number by incorporating increased with transformers which have the The characteristic ac harmonics pk s 1 , k=1,2,3
to arrangements of higher pulse number of six-pulse converters appropriate phase shifts. of a p-pulse converter will be
More expense for producing high-voltage transformers with appropriate phase shifts.
the
0 E 90r E
90r
operation
4-6 DC power transmission By using controlled twelve-pulse converter (generally). Used for very long distances of transmission lines. Advantages (1) (2)
XL ! 0
) XC ! g (3) Two conductors required rather than three (4) Transmission towers are smaller. (5 ) Power flow in a dc transmission line is controllable by adjustment of delay angles at the terminals. (6) Power flow can be modulated during disturbances on one of the ac system. System stability increased. (7) The two ac systems that are connected by the dc line do not need to be in synchronization.
Disadvantages
costly ac-dc converter, filter, and control system required at each end of the line to interface with the ac system.
Fig.4-23
Vo1 ,Vo 2
! Vo1 I o
! Vo 2 I o
Fig.4-24
One of the lines is energized at Vdc and the other is energized at - Vdc . In emergency situations, one pole of the line can operate without the other pole, with current returning through the ground path.
Xs)
Assume that the load current is constant Io. Commutation interval starts at t= T (3 Source polarity changed )
T +u
Commutation angle
Three-phase rectifier
Fig.4-26
D1 to D3
v La
v AB Vm ,L L sin wt ! ! 2 2
in the
D1 to D3
the converter
v BC v AC vo ! 2
v AB vBC vCA ! 0 ,
. .
v AB ! v AC - vBC 2
vo ! v AC vL a vL c ! v AC v AB
! v AC
Average output Voltage
v AC vBC v AC vBC ! 2 2
Single-phase rectifier
Vo !
3Vm ,L L
X s I0 (1 ) Vm ,L L