Alkena 1
Alkena 1
H etena (etilena)
propena (propilena)
H C C Cl
E-pinena (turpentina) O OH
I. Tatanama
alkena: rantai induk yang mengandung C=C
C=C ada pada nomor terkecil posisi C=C diindicated by lower of the two numbers
CH3 CH2 CH CH2
1-butena
4-metil-1-butena
Br
3-bromosiklohexena
C=C and OH: alkenol OH lebih tinggi prioritasnya ada pada akhiran, dan nomor terendah
OH
2-propen-1-ol
5-metil-4-hexen-2-ol
OH OH
2-sikloheksenol
gugus samping :
H2C CH H2C CH CH2 H2C C H3C CH2
metilena
isopropenil bromida
CH2
Br
1-vinilsikloheksena
metilenesiklopentana
2,3,4,5-tetrametil-1,4-heksadiena
5-heksen-3-ol
OH OH
2,4-sikloheksadienol
Cl C H
Cl C H
Cl C H C
H Cl
B. Stabilitas
1. Lebih tersubstitusi = lebih stabil
R C C R R R > R R C C R H > RCH CHR , R2C CH2 > RCH CH2 > H2C CH2
derajat substitusi
(stereokimia)
H C C H
Chem3D
H HH H
Struktur
Terdiri dari dua atom C terhibridisasi sp2 yang terikat satu sama lain via Ikatan T dan W Geometri molekul ~ planar
Kereaktifan
Ikatan T merupakan daerah dengan kerapatan elektron tinggi = nukleofil Alkena mengalami reaksi adisi, di mana ikatan T jadi dua ikatan W baru
H H C C + H2 t C C
DH ~ -30 kcal/mol
11
less stable
27.8
more stable
12
Y YZ C C C
Z C
H2 t
H2 Pt
14
electrophile H+ HY Z Z Y C C C C Y C Z C
nucleophile
Ikatan T yang lemah berubah menjadi 2 ikatan W baru yang lebih kuat Kenali atom elektrofilik yang akan terikat, karena akan masuk/ mengadisi pada posisi yang sedikit tersubstitusi, sehingga akan 15 mengontrol regioselektivitas reaksi
(X = Cl, Br, I)
Reactivitas: HI > HBr > HCl >> HF (asam lebih kuat = electrofil lebih baik
H+ HH X
H C C RLS C
X C fast
H X C C
HBr Br HI I
16
1. Aturan Markovnikov Pada adisi HX ke alkena, H pergi ke karbon yang lebih banyak H nya Br HBr CH3 CH CH2 but not CH3 CH2 CH2 Br CH3 CH CH3 Soal : gambarkan produk dari tiap reaksi berikut ini
HI
I
HCl
Cl
HBr
Br
HI
I and I
17
2. Mekanisme
Br Br
H Br CH3 CH CH2
Br
Br
Interpretasi dari aturan Markovnikov : Reaksi menghasilkan produk yang mempunyai karbokation intermediat yang lebih stabil
18
2. Mekanisme
Br
Br Br
+ HBr Br
19
+ Br Br
Membentuk karbokation tersier -tak ada penataan ulang. Membentuk karbokation sekunder, Penataan ulang ke karbokation tersier melalui pergeseran hidrida Membentuk karbokation sekunder, Penataan ulang ke karbokation tersier melalui 21 pergeseran metida
Cl HCl
HCl Cl
+ HBr
no peroxides peroxides
Br
Orientasi Markovnikov
22
Propagasi
Br C C + HBr Br H C C + Br
Br H net: C C + HBr C C
23
HBr Br 3 Br Br 1
Reaction proceeds through more stable radical intermediate.
Br
24
Br HBr (H+) Br
Markovnikov orientation
Br
HBr
antiMarkovnikov Br orientation
Regiochemical control
25
HBr
Br
HBr peroxides
Br
overall: hidrasi
H2SO4
H2O (
OH
Markovnikov orientation
27
+ H2O
H OH C C
reverse of dehydration (Le Chtelier)
OH H2 O H2SO4
Markovnikov
H+ -H+
H2O -H2O
OH2
-H
OH
H+
28
X X C C + X2 C C
(X = Cl or Br)
trans only
29
Br C C
Br Br C C Br
cyclic bromonium ion
Br Br Br Br Br
Br C C Br
Br
trans product
anti addition
30
E. Pembentukan halohidrin C C X2 H2 O X OH C C + HX
vicinal halohydrin
Br C C Br Br C C H2O anti addition Br C C OH2 -H+ Br C C OH
Br2 H2O
Br
31
OH
Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
major contributor
32
Cl
Hibridisasi resonansi :
Cl
H+
H+
OH2 OH2
C yang lebih tersubstitusi, mengandung muatan H+ yang lebih besar sehingga lebih kuat tarikannya terhadap nukleofil
33
Nukleofil lain :
CH3 Br2 CH3OH OCH3 Br -H+ Br Br Br CH3 O Br CH3OH
34
CH3 H
Br2 H2O
OH Br
CH3CH2OH
Br
BrCl
Br
CCl4
Yang menarik! Br+ adalah elektrofil, Karena kurang elektronegatif; Cl- adalah nukleofil
Cl
35
BR2
C C
H2O2 OH-
H OH C C
+ B2H6
)3B
Mekanisme :
B2H6 diborane 2 BH3 borane
H- H+ H BH2
H- H+ H BH2
HH BH2
BH2
CH3
CH CH2
CH3
antiMarkovnikov Reaksi ini berlangsung serentak C-B dan C-H seiring dengan putusnya C=C dan B-H
37
Mekanisme :
H BH2
T T T
H BH2 R H B R O
H BR2 HOO
H R B R O O H H O H O H
HO
H OH
38
Markovnikov
OH
antiMarkovnikov
39
OH
anti-Markovnikov
H 2O H2SO4
OH
Markovnikov
40
B. Epoksidasi
O C C
O CH 3 C O OH peroxyacetic acid
O C C
O
O + R C OH
+ R C O OH peroxy acid
epoxide
CH3CO3H
cis-2,3-epoksibutana
"
trans-2,3-epoksibutana
42
C. Ozonolisis 1) O3 2) H2O, Zn
Pemutusan Oksidatif
C C
C O + O C
R C R R C R C C
R " H H " H
R C O + O C R ketone R C O + O C R ketone
R H aldehyde H H formaldehyde
43
Sintesis :
O 1) O3 2) H2O, Zn O H
Analysis: Question 6-10. What is the structure of the alkene if ozonolysis produced the following: O O O 1) O3 unknown H + + H alkene 2) H2O, Zn H O
Check Answer
44
The fragments are colored to make it easier to see how they go together. The fragment with two carbonyls must contain two double bonds. The alkene is 2,7-dimethyl-2,4-octadiene. It is impossible to determine whether the diene is E or Z. CH3 CH3
C O O H C C O O H
CH3 C
CH3
+
CH3
C C H H C H CH2
CH3 CH CH3
H C CH CH CH3 2
45
D. Polimerisasi
H2 C CH radical initiator CH2 CH n
n = 1000s 10,000s
Y monomer
Y polymer
radical initiators: O2
O O O O O O
di-t-butyl peroxide
benzoyl peroxide
46
monomer
H2C CH2 H2C CHCH3
polimer
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH3 n
polietilen
n
polipropilen (poly)
H2C
CHCl
CH2
CH Cl n
H2C CHPh
CH2
CH n
polistiren
47
monomer
polimer
Cl
H2 C
CCl2
CH2
C Cl n
Saran
H2C
CHCN
CH2
CH CN n
Orlon
F2C
CF2
CF2
CF2
48
ROOR ( RO + CH2
2 RO CH R
Initiation
RO CH2 CH
RO CH2
CH + CH2 R
Propagation
RO CH2
CH CH2 R
H2 t
mCPBA
CH3
O CH3
OH
Br2 H2O
OH Br
HBr
Br
HBr peroxides
Br
H2O H2SO4
OH
Br2 CCl4
50
Br Br
H2O H2SO4
OH
HBr
Br
HBr
Br
peroxides
O
1. O3 2. H2O, Zn
O H
Br2 H2 O
HO
Br
51
52
B A C D E
What kinds of reactions will A undergo?
F G H
V
K N R S T
W Z X Y
What kinds of reactions will produce Z?
53
IV. Introduction to Organic Synthesis Work backwards! And know the reactions!
What different methods do you know for making an alkene? 1. Dehydrating an alcohol with strong acid; OR 2. Dehydrohalogenating an alkyl halide with a strong base. So, you could either make an alcohol and dehydrate it, or you could make an alkyl halide and dehydrohalogenate it. Which seems easier to make? It will be easier to make an alkyl halide since you know how to convert an alkane to an alkyl halide with free radical halogenation. Since free radical bromination is more selective for tertiary positions, you should use Br2 and heat or light rather than free radical chlorination, which would give mixtures. Solution:
Br2 heat
Br OH, heat 54
OH Br Br
H O O
Check Answer
OH
Br Br
56
OH O H Br Br O
OH
H O
Cl
Cl
57
58