MUHAMMAD KAMRAN AMEEN

09-ARID-44

ASPERGILLUS

CLASSIFICATION
Fungi has four phylum 1) Zygomycota
2)

Ascomycota Basidomycota Deuteromycota Aspergillus Penicillium Alternaria

3)

4) a. b. c.

ASPERGILLUS
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INTRODUCTION
    

Saprophytic moulds with opportunistic pathogenic pattern More than 900 species Most important is A.fumigatus in animals (9095% Aspergillosis) infection in animals. Septate hyphae and characteristics asexual fruiting structures borne on conidiophores. Conidiophore are hyphal branches originating by a foot cell and ending in a vesicle by which chains of pigmented conidia arise giving colour to the colony. Many have bluish green and yellowish colour colonies.

Chains of small ,oval or spherical conidia are borne on the tips of Phialids..a structure positioned over the surface of swollen tip(Vesicle) on Conidiophore

Cell wall Shows pathogen associated molecular

pattern recognized by toll like receptors on macrophages where the cells of fungus binds and proinflammatory response occurs secreting cytokinins They generally do not cause disease unless the host has a compromised immune system or gets a very big exposure to the fungus The most common species to cause problems in veterinary patients are Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus tereus

UNDER THE MICROSCOPE ASPERGILLUS LOOKS

LIKE A BEAUTIFUL FLOWER

GENERAL GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS

Aspergillus can grow on all common laboratory media at a wide range of temperature (up to 50 C).
Aspergillus Niger growing in Potato dextrose agar (PDA) is shown below.

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GROWTH ON CZAPEKDOX AGAR

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COMMON RESERVOIRS
      

Soil Vegetation Feed Air Water Other exposed objects A.fumigatus becomes predominant in competition with microbes in hay and silage or plant material(source of disease outbreaks in animals)
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IMPORTANT SPECIES OF ASPERGILLUS

        

A.fumigatus A.terreus A.niger A.flavus A.ustus A.granulosus A.glaucus A.nidulans A.clavatu

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A.FUMIGATUS


 

    

Conidiophores are moderate in length and have characteristics foot cell at their bases. Vesicles are dome shaped. Upper two third bears phialides from which long chains of spiny green conidia are borne. These chains tends to sweep inwards. Colony morphology White fluffy colony Granular Old colonies assume a smoky battle ship grey colorization.

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IDENTIFICATION
Septate Hyphae. Dichotomous branching at 45* Hyphae 36 m long Tissue reaction is granulomatous and necrotising Distorting fruiting heads are seen as diagnostic feature.

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ASPERGILLUS NIGER
Very large fruiting heads like small black balls under microscope. Spherical vesicle Vesicle bears large metulae that supports the smaller phialids Conidia are brown ,black Rough in appearance

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A.FLAVUS
Cottony aerial mycelium Vesicles are round with sporulation over the entire surface. Phialids and metulae are present. Conidia are yellow elliptical or spherical. Conidia become spiny with age.
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ASPERGILLUS TERREUS
Vesicles are small and dome shaped The conidia are elliptical. Aleuriospores are present on submerged hyphae. Aspergillus terreus is isolated occasionally from outer ear canal colonization.
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ASPERGILLUS GRANULOSUS
The smooth Pale brown conidiophore Delicately roughed conid_ ia Obscuring the small, Biseriate vesicle

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ASPERGILLUS GLAUCUS

Common outdoor fungus in the winter Conidiophore 200-350 long, 7-12 wide . Vesicle spherical, 15-30 Conidia arise circumferentially from vesicle. Conidia "subglobose", echinate

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ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS

Aspergillus nidulans is an occasional causative agent of pulmonary or disseminated infection among Immunocompromised patients

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DISEASES CAUSED BY ASPERGILLUS

SPP
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DISEASES
Most important routes of transmission are inhalation and ingestion. In ruminants mostly Mastitis due to A.fumigatus is a chronic, progressive, and abscess producing disease of udder. In dogs Aspergillosis causes infection of mucous membranes. In horses infection of cornea is the leading cause of keratomycosis. In bovine it causes mycotic abortions due to feeding moldy fodder. In cattle intrauterine infection . Dissemination of subclinical lung or intestinal infections.

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DISEASES CAUSED
HOSTS
HORSES

BY

A.FUMIGATUS

DISEASES
Gutteral pouch mycosisnasal granulomas corneal infections--intestinal aspergillosis in foals. Otitis externa Chronic rhinitis Occasionally generalized aspergillosis with thrombosis of vessels.

DOGS

BIRDS' Poultry, Wild birds. water fowls. Penguin.

Brooder pneumonia in newly hatched chicks ---Pneumonia and air sac infection(acute and chronic).

Other animals.

Generalized aspergillosis(yellowish nodules in the body). Mycotic pneumoniasuperficial infections of skin and cornea.----Mycotic abortion. Mycotoxicosis.

HUMANS More invasive in immunocompromised persons and those who have prolonged exposure to antibiotics. Lungs---skin---nasal sinuses---external ear bronchibones.---meninges are possibly effected---

PATHOGENESIS
MYCOTIC ABORTION..  Sporadic abortion between 6-9 months of pregnancy.  Wooden appearance of placenta.  Ringworm like lesion on fetus.  Placenta often retained.  Abortion 5% cases Gives per acute pneumonia to cattle and death of fetus

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MYCOTIC PNEUMONIA. Occurs 48 hrs of abortion. Lungs are wet oedematus large volume of fluid in thorax. Equine mycotic pneumonia is very much evident. Diagnosis by histopathology and isolation of pathogenic fungi.

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INFECTION OF CORNEA IN HORSE

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MASTITIS

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INFECTION IN DOGS

SINONASAL ASPERGILLOSIS


      

Most infections are invasive ,destroying the delicate bones of the sinuses while less invasive (and very rare) infections form a big mucous wade of fungus called a fungal ball or aspergilloma. Grossly seen is the snotty nasal discharge , lasts for months,classically only comes from one nostril Nose bleeds occur intermittently The edges of the nostrils are often ulcerated. Classically, the affected dog is of a breed with a long nose (collie, greyhound, etc.) It is clinically characterized by Sneezing Unilateral or bilateral persistent nasal discharge

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INSTEAD OF HEALTHY PINK MUCOSA, THE INSIDE OF THE NOSTRIL MAY LOOK RAW.

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ASPERGILLOSIS IN POULTRY


Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus flavus Source and Transmission . Aspergillus spores can enter the hatchery either directly via the eggs.. or via incoming air. Humidity in ventilation ducts ..organic matter (debris) accumulation.. Aspergillus spores attached to the shell find their way into the albumen and yolk via hairlines or cracks in the shell. The yolk of the egg is an ideal substrate for the growth of Aspergillus and once the spores have entered the eggs, the way to the hatchery is open In these cases poultry meat is partially condemned for human consumption

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ASPERGILLUS INFECTED EGGS

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ASPERGILLUS TERREUS

Aspergillus terreus is an occasional causative agent of Pulmonary aspergillosis among immunocompromised patients.

Aspergillus granulosus
Causative agent of disseminated infection among cardiac transplant recipients Aspergillus glaucus is an occasional causative agent of pulmonary or disseminated infection among immunocompromised patients.

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A.CLAVATUS
Hypersensitivity Muscle tremors Ataxia(in cattle by wheat.) Frothing by mouth Degenerative changes in brain and focal gliosis.

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TREATMENT , CONTROL AND PREVENTION

ITRACONAZOLE has been beneficial in treatment of disseminated aspergillosis. No established treatment for mammary aspergillosis. The nasal form of aspergillosis in dogs is treated with topical application of CLORTRIMAZOLE or ENILCONAZOLE into the nasal passages and sinuses. Aspergillosis in poultry is generally not treated. For intestinal infections in pigs,foals,and calves Oral Nystatin is recommended. keratomycosis is treated topically with antimycotic ointments and solutions.

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PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Avoidance of massive exposure requires elimination of cattle feed ,particularly hay and silage that has undergone noticeable deterioration. Proper elimination of effected eggs ,birds or other equipment ,water ducts and debris is very need to work out good results

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CONTROL OF POULTRY DISEASES



     

 

The risk of a serious bloom of Aspergillus is high when 0.5% of the hatching eggs show clear infection with a visible growth of the fungus. Frequency of embryos dying at about day 16 is higher then expected. Use Hatchery Recording Forms to ensure that the origin of eggs is traceable . Do not incubate floor eggs. Do not incubate cracked eggs or eggs with hairlines. since Aspergillus thrives well on wooden surfaces, avoid wooden walls, ceilings or surfaces in the hatchery. Analyze unhatched eggs on a regular basis - and if infected eggs are found, take measures to trace the sources of Aspergillus . Ensure that hatchery sanitation programme includes the cleaning and disinfection of ventilation ducts. Hatchery equipment must be free of all organic matter before disinfection

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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF ASPERGILLUS SPP

      

Specimen by pneumonic lungs. Granulomatous nodules. Centrifuged mastitic milk. Fetal lesions Ear swabs Skin scrapings Biopsies by nasal granulomas

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DIRECT MICROSCOPY
Tissue scrapings can be examined after clearing in 10% KOH. Histopathological sections are prepared and examined

ISOLATION. Sabouraud dextrose agar(SDA) Incubated at 25 C Remains as such for 5 days.

IDENTIFICATION.


Identification is based on colonial morphology by Lacto phenol cotton blue (LPCB).

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ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
KOH Calcofluor Periodic Acid Schiff( PAS) Silver impregnation techniques. Immunodiagnosis.

  

 

IMMUNODIAGNOSIS. Serological tests are useful adjuncts to the diagnosis of Aspergillus. Immunodiagnostic kits are available for identification of antibodies against specific species. ELISA. IMMUNODIFFUSION TESTS.

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