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WELCOME TO
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Index

What is SCADA?

What does SCADA Do?

Operation of SCADA

SCADA Architecture

Functionalities of SCADA

Potential Benefits of SCADA

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What is SCADA?

SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition , which is a computer system for gathering and
analyzing Real Time Data.

Such systems were first used in 1960s.

It was born out of a need for a user friendly front end to a
control system containing PLCs.

SCADA networks enable remote monitoring and control of an
amazing variety of industrial devices/ systems.

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What does SCADA do?
A SCADA system performs four major functions:

1. Data Acquisition ( sensors, PLC, RTU)

2. Networked data communication ( Ethernet,Profibus)

3. Data presentation ( HMI)

4. Control (Scada Master unit).
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What does SCADA do?

These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA
components:

1. Sensors and Transmitters: Monitors process parameters and
gives input to controllers ( PLC)

2. PLC: These are small programmable units deployed in the field
at specific sites and locations.
They serves as local collection points for gathering reports
from sensors and delivering commands to control relays

Note: In larger systems ( of more than 1O k input/output, there
are several PLCs connected to RTU ( Remote Telemetry Units).
This units are then connected to Data Servers which then are
connected to Master SCADA server.
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What does SCADA do?

3. SCADA master unit: These are larger computer that serve as
the central processor for the SCADA system. It provide a
human interface to the system and automatically regulate the
managed system in response to sensor inputs.

4. Communication network: Connects SCADA master units to RTUs
in the field. Generally the Ethernet, fiber optic cables or other
communication protocols.

In our system, the PLC inputs are provided to the computer via
Ethernet Bus and the same computer is the SCADA master unit.
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BORN OF SCADA

How SCADA came into existence

Origin of PLC were in the automation system, used for controlling the
field devices.

They were required to replace relay switching logic control systems.

The Remote telemetry units so called RTU , were used to have basic
information of the process parameters of Remotely located system.

RTUs connected to these system had no need for control
programming because the local control algorithm was held in relay
switching logic.

It was possible to have reports of statuses from such PLCs and RTUs
for large systems located remotely which then took shape into
SCADA
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Operation - SCADA
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1) Data Acquisition:

Involves acquisition of signals and waveforms and processing the
signals to obtain desired information.

It include appropriate sensors that convert any measurement
parameter to an electrical signal, then conditioning the electrical
signal which can then be acquired by PLC hardware & SCADA.

Signals may be digital (also called logic signals sometimes) or
analog depending on the transducer used.
Operation
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Data Acquisition

1. Field Data Interface Devices: Sensors and Transmitters

Monitors process parameters and gives input to controllers ( PLC)

They form eyes and ears of the SCADA system.

Provides information about how well the system is performing.

These are level meters, pressure meters, flow meters, analyzers
in the field.

In addition, equipments such as Motor control switchboards,
electronic chemical dosing facilities forms the hands of SCADA
system.

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Data Acquisition

1. Field data Interface Device: Controllers (PLC)

A device with a processor and input/ output module.

Instructions for automation of Field data interfaces device such
as pump control, as stored locally in PLC.

Transmitters, level switches , pressure switches etc are
connected to the input module of PLC where they give input (
information) to PLC ( std 24 V, 4 20 mA signal)

Auto valves, Dosing pumps, pumps, blowers, agitators etc are
connected to the output module of PLC. PLC delivers the
necessary action to this devices based on the inputs.
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2) Networked Communication:

Data cable, wire or fiber-optic- For Communication within a plant

Radio signals For communication at regional level.

Serial, modem connections Conducts communication of multiple
systems over a considerable area.

Ethernet/ IP - For Large area multiple system communication

Communication Protocols - Modbus, RP 570, Conitel vendor
specific; profibus, DNP3 IEC standard protocols.

Note: The communication protocols do contain extensions to
operate over TCP/IP, but avoid connecting SCADA systems to
the Internet to prevent security attacks
Operation
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Network Communications

Refers to equipments needed to transfer data to and fro from different
sites.

Use of cable is usually implemented in the factory for communication

Cables become impractical for systems covering large geographical areas
because of high cost of cable, conduits and extensive labour in installing
them.

Use of telephone lines ( leased or dial up) becomes economical for systems
covering large geographical areas.

For remote, it cannot be used as one telephone line will be needed per site.

For remote, radio signals are used.

Communication Protocols Better connectivity and not vendor controlled
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Operation
3) Data Presentation: HMI (Human Machine interface)

An HMI is an apparatus which presents data to a human
operator, and through which the human operator controls the
process.

Standardized way to produce distributed information at one
common point to the operator.

It may also be linked to the database to provide trending,
diagnostic data, and management information.

The HMI displays this information in an easy to understand
graphics form; archives the data received, transmits alarms, and
permits operator control as required
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Operation
4) Control

SCADA system usually presents the information graphically in
form of a mimic diagram.

Mimic diagram has soft points that are ( single input/outputs)
which are equated to hard points ( actual input/output field
instrument/equipment).

System can thus be operated by operator using such points as
per the requirement.

Eg: Operator can start/stop the pump by clicking on the soft
point of start/ stop provided on the mimic diagram displayed
on the SCADA PC.


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BORN OF SCADA

How SCADA came into existence

Origin of PLC were in the automation system, used for controlling the
field devices.

They were required to replace relay switching logic control systems.

The Remote telemetry units so called RTU , were used to have basic
information of the process parameters of Remotely located system.

RTUs connected to these system had no need for control
programming because the local control algorithm was held in relay
switching logic.

It was possible to have reports of statuses from such PLCs and RTUs
for large systems located remotely which then took shape into
SCADA
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Network Communications

Refers to equipments needed to transfer data to and fro from
different sites.

Use of cable is usually implemented in the factory for communication

Cables become impractical for systems covering large geographical
areas because of high cost of cable, conduits and extensive labour in
installing them.

Use of telephone lines ( leased or dial up) becomes economical for
systems covering large geographical areas.

For remote, it cannot be used as one telephone line will be needed
per site.

For remote, radio signals are used.
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SCADA Architecture



Monolithic SCADA system First Generation.

Distributed SCADA system Second Generation

Networked SCADA system Third Generation

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Monolithic SCADA system

Designed with Single purpose
of commuting with local RTUs.

No communication between
different RTUs with each
other.

WAN was used for the
communication purpose.

Connectivity to SCADA server
itself was limited by Vendor

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Distributed SCADA system



Designed intended to
distribute process among
multiple system.

Real time Communication was
developed between different
RTUs.

WAN & LAN both were used
for the communication
purpose. Vendor specific
connectivity.

Some distributed stations
served as op. station and some
as communication station
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Networked SCADA system

Closely related to second
generation

Open system architecture and
not vendor controlled.

Uses WAN, LAN and open
standard protocols like DNP3,
profibus, Internet Protocols.

Provides larger connectivity
and compatibility with
different equipments and
systems.

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Typically, SCADA systems are used to automate complex
industrial processes where human control is impractical.

Here are some examples listed below of different segments.

1) Manufacturing: Manages Parts inventories, regulate industrial
automation and monitor process and quality control.

2) Buildings, facilities and environments: Control HVAC,
refrigeration units, lighting and entry systems.

3) Electric Power Generation, transmission and Distribution: Detect
current flow and line voltage, to monitor the operation of circuit
breakers, and to take sections of the power grid online or
offline.

Where is SCADA used?
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4) Water and Sewage: State and municipal water utilities use
SCADA to monitor and regulate water flow, process, reservoir
levels, and pipe pressure.


5) Mass Transit: To regulate electricity to subways, trams and
trolley buses; to automate traffic signals for rail systems; to
track and locate trains and buses; and to control railroad-
crossing gates.

6) Traffic Signals: Regulates traffic lights, controls traffic flow
and detects out-of-order signals.



Where SCADA is used?
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Functionalities - SCADA
Following are the functionalities available with SCADA

1) Access & Control

2) HMI

3) Trending

4) Alarm Handling

5) Logging / Archiving

6) Report/ Generation

7) Automation
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Potential Benefits
Benefits of SCADA System

1) Rich Functionality

2) Reliability and Robustness

3) Maximize Productivity

4) Improve Product Quality

5) Reduce O&M cost

6) Centralized Control

7) Better Compatibility and Integrity

8) Less expensive than DCS.
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Thank You