Why Study Chemistry?

To be better informed To be a knowledgeable consumer To make better decisions for yourself and society To learn problem-solving skills To enhance analytical thinking

Chemistry as the Central Science

Chemistry = the study of matter and the transformation it undergoes EVERYTHING is a CHEMICAL
Table salt = sodium chloride, NaCl Table sugar = sucrose, C12H22O11 Clothes: Wool? Cotton? Polyester? Body: lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, DNA/RNA You name it its a chemical!

Chemistry as the Central Science

Chemistry is the driving force behind many liberal arts
Composition of paints? Colors? Economies of industrial nations
#1 commercial chemical is sulfuric acid LOTS of uses! All idustry involves chemical processes

Economies of Developing Nations

Agriculture depends on chemicals as fertilizers, pesticides

Politics and Natural Resources

The Study of Chemistry

Chemistry is everywhere! Matter is everywhere! Thus, chemistry matters! Chemistry involves the study of matter its properties and behavior. Macroscopic observations are rooted in microscopic structure.

Assignment: Chemistry in your major

Find a current news story or historical example that demonstrates the importance of chemistry to your major
For example: chemical resource as a key issue in a political / economic rift; wars fought over chemical resources; etc

Write a 2 paragraph summary on issue and its relevance to your studies

Chemistry as the Central Science

Classification of Matter
4 Physical States: solid, liquid, gas, plasma Solid:
Fixed shape and fixed volume; Atoms tightly packed together

Classification of Matter
Liquid:
No fixed shape but maintains a fixed volume Atoms loosely packed together, slide around each other

Classification of Matter
Gas:
No fixed shape or volume Atoms not really associated with neighbors at all

Classification of Matter
Plasma: mix of subatomic particles with not organization (sun)

States of Matter

States of Matter
Gases, liquids and solids are all made up of microscopic particles, but the behaviors of these particles differ in the three phases. The following figure illustrates the microscopic differences.

Microscopic view of a gas.

Microscopic view of a liquid.

Microscopic view of a solid.

States of Matter
State
Solid Liquid

Shape
Keeps Shape Takes Shape of Container Takes Shape of Container

Volume
Keeps Volume Keeps Volume Takes Volume of Container

Compress
No No

Flow
No Yes

Gas

Yes

Yes

Properties of Matter
Physical Properties = characteristics of a material Color Mass Temperature Odor Density Hardness Solubility Conductivity (heat or electrical) Freezing/boiling point Chemical Properties = describe how a material reacts with another type of matter Ability to burn Ability to rust / corrode Ability to make a solution acidic or basic Lack of ability to react with something

Properties of Matter
physical measured without changing substance, e.g. physical state, color, odor, density, boiling point chemical describes a substances reactivity, e.g. flammability, corrosiveness extensive depends on the amount of matter present, e.g. mass, volume intensive does not depend on the amount of matter present, e.g. density, color, temperature

 Properties: The characteristics that give each substance its unique identity

Physical Properties: Properties that can be observed without changing the identity of a substance
 Color  Melting Temperature - a physical change of state  Electrical conductivity  Density  Boiling Temperature - a physical change of state  Solubility  Hardness

Chemical Properties: Properties that result in changes in the identity of one or more reactants The rusting of iron Hydrogen and oxygen burning to form water The baking of bread The absorption of oxygen by hemoglobin

Changes in Matter
Physical Changes = a change in a physical property; does NOT change the chemical composition or atomic arrangement of the material
Increase in temperature Phase changes Cutting into smaller pieces Chemical Changes = changes that alter the identity of a material, a change in the chemical composition or atomic arrangement of the material
Wood burns in air to produce CO2 and H2O Cooking an egg (change molecular structure of the proteins, loss of water) Formation of rust (iron to iron oxide)

Changes in Matter: Is it Physical or Chemical?

Properties: The characteristics that give each substance its unique identity Physical Properties: Properties that can be observed without changing the identity of a substance
 Color  Melting Temperature - a physical change of state  Electrical conductivity  Density  Boiling Temperature - a physical change of state  Solubility  Hardness
continue..

Changes in Matter (cont)

Chemical Properties: Properties that result in changes in the identity of one or more reactants

The rusting of iron Hydrogen and oxygen burning to form water The baking of bread The absorption of oxygen by hemoglobin
continue..

Changes in Matter (cont)

Chemical Reactions: Process in which one or more pure substances are converted to one or more different pure substances

Reactants: Substances that undergo change in a chemical reaction  Reactants are on the left side of the chemical equation Products: Substances formed as the result of a chemical reaction  Products are on the right side of the chemical equation

Reactants

Products

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Water

Changes in Matter - Physical & Chemical

Physical Change: A change that alters the physical form of matter without changing its chemical identity Chemical Change: A change which changes the chemical identity of the substance and creates one or more new substances

continue..

Changes in Matter - Physical Change

Example of a Physical Change:
A Melting Ice Sickle

Solid Water

Liquid Water continue..

Changes in Matter - Chemical Change

Example of a Chemical Change: The Electrolysis of Water (H2O) Particulate Viewpoint

Oxygen Gas Hydrogen Gas Negative Electrode 2H2O Positive Electrode 2H2 + O2 continue..

The Chemical Identity of Water ( H2O ) is changed into the elements Hydrogen ( H2 ) and Oxygen ( O2 )

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2.7 Using Chemical Symbols (cont)

Chemical Equations: Representations of chemical reactions by the formulas of reactants and products 2 C (s) + O2 (g) 2 CO

At the Macroscopic Level: Carbon, a solid plus oxygen gas yields carbon monoxide At the Particulate Level: Two atoms of carbon plus one diatomic molecule of oxygen yields two molecules of carbon monoxide Equation Coefficients: Gives the relative amount of each compound involved in the chemical equation Balanced Chemical Equations: The number of each kind of atom on the reactant side must equal the number of each kind of atom on the product side

Classification of Matter
Matter - Anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid or gas)

Heterogeneous Mixture: Non-uniform composition

Physically Separable Into

Homogeneous Matter: Uniform composition

Pure Substances: Fixed composition; cannot be further purified

Physically Separable Into

Solution: Homogeneous mixture

Chemically decomposable Into

Compounds: Elements united in fixed ratios

Combine Chemically to

Elements: Cannot be subdivided by chemical or physical changes

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The Chemical View of Matter

 What are elements and chemical compounds made of?  What is the difference between a mixture and a pure substance?  What is the difference between a chemical and a physical process?  What is the basic theme of chemistry?  How are symbols for the elements used in formulas and equations to communicate chemical information?

continue.

Macroscopic, Microscopic & Particulate Matter

Matter: - Anything that has mass and takes up space (occupies volume) Matter can be studied on three levels: Macroscopic Level: Matter that can be seen with the human eye  Beach Sand, Trees, Cars, Pen, CD, Mountains,  Planets, Galaxies, etc Length: 101 to 109 meters

continue..

Macroscopic, Microscopic & Particulate Matter (cont)

Microscopic Level: Matter that is too small to be seen by the naked eye, but can be seen under a microscope
 Very small plants, individual bacteria, cellular  structures, DNA Molecule, Semiconductors, etc

Length: 10- 6 meters

continue..

Macroscopic, Microscopic & Particulate Matter (cont) Particulate Level: Matter too small to be seen with even the most powerful optical microscope
 Particulate matter consists of the tiny particles  that make up all matter  Molecules, atoms, protons & electron

Length: 10 - 10 meters meters )

(1 Angstrom = 10 - 10

continue..

Elements - The Most Simple Kind of Matter

Pure Substance: Something that with a uniform, fixed composition at the submicroscopic level  Recognized by the unchanging nature of their properties Element: A pure substance composed of only one kind of atom Atom: The smallest particle of an element  Atoms of different elements are different and are shown on the periodic table Each element has a one or two letter abbreviation     Hydrogen - H Helium - He Sodium - Na Lithium - Li

Microscopic view of the atoms of the Microscopic view of the molecules of the element argon (gas phase). element nitrogen (gas phase).

Elements

The Periodic Table and the Elements (cont)

Main Group Elements Main Group Elements

Transition Metals

continue.
Inner Transition Elements

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Chemical Compounds - Atoms in Combination

Chemical Compounds: Pure substances made of atoms of different elements combined in definite ways

Examples:     H2O NaCl C2H6O C6H12O6 Water Sodium Chloride Ethanol Sugar

Chemical Compounds (cont)

Compound: Any pure substance that can be decomposed by a chemical change into two or more pure substances is a compound (another definition)
Compounds are made up of elements

Examples of Compounds:

continue..

Using Chemical Symbols

Chemical Formulas: Combinations of the symbols for the elements that represent the stable combinations of atoms in molecules Examples: Water Carbon dioxide Ammonia Methane Carbon Tetrachloride H2O CO2 NH3 CH4 CCl4

Subscripts: Indicate the relative numbers of atoms of each kind

Using Chemical Symbols (cont)

Structural Formulas: Formulas that show the connections between atoms in molecules H Ammonia H N H

Water

H Methane H C H H

Microscopic view of the molecules of the compound water (gas phase). Oxygen atoms are red and hydrogen atoms are white.

Mixtures and Pure Substances

Homogeneous Sample: Matter that has a uniform appearance and composition throughout A mixture of water and alcohol Sugar dissolved in water Gold blended with silver (18 karat gold) The air we breathe - a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen
Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures, either liquid, solid or gaseous continue..

Mixtures and Pure Substances (cont)

Table salt is stirred into water (left), forming a homogeneous mixture called a solution (right)

continue..

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Mixtures and Pure Substances (cont)

Heterogeneous Sample: Matter that does not have a uniform appearance and composition throughout  A mixture of cooking oil and water (two phases develop)  Concrete (sand, rock, cement, etc)  A mixture of sand, sawdust, iron fillings and water

continue..

Mixtures and Pure Substances (cont)

Sand and water do not mix to form a uniform mixture continue..

Mixtures:
Homogeneous Same composition throughout sample Ex- milk, tea, others? Heterogeneous Different samples of the same mixture have different compositions Ex- air in the room others?

Microscopic view of a gaseous mixture containing two elements (argon and nitrogen) and a compound (water).

Classification of Matter

Substances vs Mixtures
Substance
has a definite or fixed composition Composition does not vary from sample to sample

Mixture
Has a varied composition Each individual component can be separated by physical means Ex: salt and pepper, sugar in water, sea water

 The fuel of the universe The capacity of something to do work chemical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, radiant, sound, nuclear The SI unit of energy is the Joule (J)
Other common units are
Calories (cal) Kilowatt-hour (kW .hr)

Energy

Types of energy:
Potential Kinetic Heat

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed (but it

does change from one type to another!)

Changes in Matter - Energy

Energy: The ability to cause change or, in formal terms of physics, the ability to do work

Potential Energy: Energy in storage  There is potential energy in gasoline called chemical energy  Chemical energy is release as heat and light when it burns  Chemical energy can also be released as electrical energy Kinetic Energy: Energy in motion  Examples are - Muscle in movement, a rocket in flight, inflation of a car air bag during collision

Heat & Temperature

Temperature is _____.
how hot or cold something is (a physical property) related to the average (kinetic) energy of the substance (not the total energy)
Measured in units of
Degrees Fahrenheit (oF) Degrees Celsius (oC) Kelvin (K)

Heat is energy that _____.

flows from hot objects to cold objects is absorbed/released by an object resulting in its change in temperature

Heat absorbed/released is measured by changes in temperature

Substances
Elements Fundamental substances from which all things are constructed Only one type of atom is present Can not be broken down any further

Substances
Compounds Substances made up of two or more elements in distinct ratios Molecules: smallest characteristic part of a compound; composed of a distinct and unique arrangement of elements

Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Scale, F
Waters freezing point = 32F, boiling point = 212F

Celsius Scale, C
Temperature unit larger than the Fahrenheit Waters freezing point = 0C, boiling point = 100C

Kelvin Scale, K
Temperature unit same size as Celsius Waters freezing point = 273 K, boiling point = 373 K

Temperature of ice water and boiling water.

Heat
Heat is the flow of energy due to a temperature difference
Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature

Heat is transferred due to collisions between atoms/molecules of different kinetic energy When produced by friction, heat is mechanical energy that is irretrievably removed from a system Processes involving Heat:
1. Exothermic = A process that releases heat energy.
Example: when a match is struck, it is an exothermic process because energy is produced as heat. Example: melting ice to form liquid water is an endothermic process.

2. Endothermic = A process that absorbs energy.

 The heat energy absorbed by an object is proportional to:

The mass of the object (m) The change in temperature the object undergoes
((T)

Heat (cont.)

Specific heat capacity (s) (a physical property unique to

the substance)

To calculate heat (Q): Q = c . m . (T

Specific Heat Capacity (c)

The amount of heat energy (in J or Cal) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1oC (or 1K) The Units of Specific Heat Capacity:
1. J/goC (SI) 2. cal/goC (metric & more useful in the lab)

Specific Heat Capacity is a unique physical property of different substances

Metals have low specific heat capacity Non-metals have higher specific heat capacity Water has an unusually large specific heat capacity

c = Q/(m(T)