Kaizen
Kaizen is... ... a system of continuous improvement in quality, technology, processes, company culture, productivity, safety and leadership
Kaizen was created in Japan following World War II. The word Kaizen means "continuous improvement". It comes from the Chinese characters ("kai") which means "change" or "to correct" and ("zen") which means "good".
Focus on gradual and continuous improvement A whole business philosophy Importance of EVERYONE buying into the concept and the vision
Coined by Motorola Engineer Bill Smith Now a major influence on production methods and quality assurance Data and statistical driven approach to eliminate defects in production Aims to improve processes and reduce variations in quality Necessitates organisational change, training and planning
"Zero Defect"
"Defect" any product or service that does not conform to the set standards or satisfaction of the customer. Now, Six Sigma is a concept that tries to achieve a near zero defect with 3.4 defects in a million events. Early adopters include Bank of America, Caterpillar, Honeywell International (previously known as Allied Signal), Raytheon, Merrill Lynch and General Electric.
What Is Six Sigma? 7
A methodology to improve a business process by constantly reviewing, updating and re-tuning the existing process. Six Sigma improves the process performance, decreases variation and maintains consistent quality of the process output. This leads to defect reduction and improvement in profits, employee morale, product quality and finally customer satisfaction. Six Sigma Strives for perfection. It allows for only 3.4 defects per million opportunities for each product or service transaction. Six Sigma relies heavily on statistical techniques to reduce defects and measure quality.
Japan has been credited with the evolvement of Quality Systems like TQM, Kanban, Kaizen, etc. Pioneered in the U.S. by Bill Smith at Motorola in 1986; originally used as a metric for measuring defects for improving quality; a methodology to reduce defect levels <3.4 Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO). Motorola has reported >US$17b savings as of 2006. Early adopters include Bank of America, Caterpillar, Honeywell International (previously known as Allied Signal), Raytheon, Merrill Lynch and General Electric. Six Sigma was originally centered around manufacturing improvements. The reason for this was knowledge of the statistical tools in the manufacturing functions and the ease with which we can quantify the benefits.
What Is Six Sigma? 9
The Greek letter for Sigma, W , represents one standard deviation from the normal or average. The higher the sigma level the better the quality level. Levels of Sigma Performance
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Essentially, Six Sigma is all three at the same time. is a registered service mark and trademark of Motorola, Inc.
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1. As a Metric
The term Sigma is often used as a scale for levels of "goodness" or quality.
Equates to 3.4 defects per one million opportunities (DPMO). Six Sigma started as a defect reduction effort in manufacturing and was then applied to other business processes for the same purpose.
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2. As a Methodology
Understanding and managing customer requirements Aligning key business processes to achieve those requirements Utilizing rigorous data analysis to minimize variation in those processes Driving rapid and sustainable improvement to business processes
What Is Six Sigma? 13
Motorola developed a five phase approach to the Six Sigma Process called DMAIC which is a continuous process as the diagram shows until the highest level in the Six Sigma is achieved, i.e., 3.4 defects per million.
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At the heart of the methodology is the DMAIC model for process improvement
Define opportunity Measure performance Analyze opportunity Improve performance Control performance
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3. As a Management system
Align their business strategy to critical improvement efforts Mobilize teams to attack high impact projects Accelerate improved business results Govern efforts to ensure improvements are sustained
Framework to prioritize resources for projects that will improve the metrics, and it leverages leaders who will manage the efforts for rapid, sustainable, and improved business results.
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Six Sigma Champion: Champions undergo five days of training and are taught how to manage projects and act as advisors to various project teams. Green Belts: They undergo two weeks of training that includes project-oriented tasks. They act as team members to the Six Sigma project team. Their cooperation and involvement is necessary for projects success. Black belts: They receive four weeks of trainings and are directly involved in the implementation of Six Sigma Projects. They are the project leaders and go through in-depth training on Six Sigma approach and tools and work full time on the project. Master Black Belts: These are the people who conduct Six Sigma Training and also have on the job training and experience
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QFD helps Six Sigma Black Belts drive customer-focused development across the design process. QFD is a system and set of procedures to identify, communicate, and prioritize customer requirements. Did you know? With QFD, Six Sigma teams can more effectively focus on the activities that mean the most to the customer, beat the competition, and align with the mission of the organization.
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The C&E Matrix helps Six Sigma project leaders facilitate team decision-making. The C&E Matrix is a tool that helps Six Sigma teams select, prioritize, and analyze the data they collect over the course of a project to identify problems in that process. Six Sigma teams typically use the C&E Matrix in the Measure phase of the DMAIC methodology. The C&E Matrix is particularly great for obtaining team consensus on the potential relationships between factors that affect a process and the output of that process.
What Is Six Sigma? 21
FMEA helps Six Sigma teams to identify and address weaknesses in a product or process, before they occur. Before implementing new products, processes, or services, Six Sigma teams use FMEA to identify ways their new introductions might fail, and then to develop preventative measures targeted at the failure scenarios. Did you know? An effective FMEA identifies corrective actions required to prevent failures from reaching the customer and will improve performance, quality, and reliability.
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t-test
The t-test helps Six Sigma teams validate test results using small sample sizes. The t-test is used to determine the statistical difference between two groups, not just a difference due to random chance. Six Sigma teams might use it to determine if a plan for a comparative analysis of patient blood pressures, before and after they receive a drug, is likely to provide reliable results. Did you know? Guinness Brewery is the work environment that led to W.S. Gossett's creation of the t-test. While an executive at the brewery in Dublin, Gossett created the ttest to help select the best barley for Guinness beer.
What Is Six Sigma? 23
Control Charts
Six Sigma teams use Control Charts to assess process stability. Control Charts are a simple but highly effective tool for monitoring and improving process performance over time because they help Six Sigma teams to observe and analyze variation. The three basic components of any control chart are a centerline, upper and lower statistically determined control limits, and performance data plotted over time.
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Design of Experiments
DOE helps Six Sigma Black Belts make the most of valuable resources. DOE is a statistical technique that encompasses the planning, design, data collection, analysis and interpretation strategy used by Six Sigma professionals. Did you know? Six Sigma teams use DOE to determine the relationship between factors (Xs) affecting a process and the output of that process (Y).
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