Saparuddin Mukhtar
Saparuddin M
www.edunomic.net
saparuddin@feunj.ac.id
0813 1881 1577
DAFTAR ISI
Production
Distribution
Consumption
Modern :
4W
1H
THE FOUNDATION OF ECONOMICS
Sumberdaya
Langka
Masalah Pilihan
What, How, For whom
Opportunity Cost
3. TEN PRINCIPLES ECONOMICS
15
1. Orang Menghadapi
Tradeoff
18
2. Biaya adalah Apa yang Anda
Korbankan untuk
Mendapatkan Sesuatu.
20
4. Orang Tanggap terhadap
Insentif.
Perubahan marginal dalam costs dan benefits memotivasi orang untuk
meresponnya. Artinya, kita tanggap terhadap insentif.
Keputusan untuk memilih suatu alternatif dari yang ada terjadi ketika
keuntungan marginal (marginal benefits) pilihan tersebut lebih besar
daripada biaya marginal (marginal costs)- nya !
22
6. Pasar adalah Tempat yang
Baik untuk Mengorganisasikan
Kegiatan Ekonomi.
Market economy adalah suatu jenis
perekonominan yang mengalokasikan
sumber dayanya melalui keputusan-
keputusan terdesentralisasi dari berbagai
perusahaan dan rumah tangga.
23
6. Pasar adalah Tempat yang
Baik untuk Mengorganisasikan
Kegiatan Ekonomi.
Dalam sebuah market economy, rumah tangga menentukan
akan kerja di perusahaan apa dan akan membeli apa dengan
pendapatan mereka.
24
6. Pasar adalah Tempat yang
Baik untuk Mengorganisasikan
Kegiatan Ekonomi.
Adam Smith rumuskan pengamatan bahwa semua rumah tangga dan
perusahaan berinteraksi di pasar bertindak seolah-olah dibimbing oleh
“invisible hand.”
25
7. Pemerintah Terkadang
Mampu Meningkatkan Hasil-
hasil dari Pasar .
Ketika pemerintah mencetak uang dalam jumlah yang besar, nilai uang itu
sendiri akan turun.
10. Masyarakat Menghadapi Tradeoff
Jangka Pendek antara Inflasi dan
Pengangguran.
Inflation Unemployment
It’s a short-run tradeoff!
RESOURCE PAYMENTS
PROPERTY RESOURCES
RENTAL
LAND
INCOME
INTEREST
CAPITAL
INCOME
HUMAN RESOURCES
LABOR WAGES
PROFIT &
ENTREPRENEUR
LOSS
ECONOMICS & EFFICIENCY
Full Employment
Full Production
Productive Efficiency
Allocative Efficiency
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Assumes...
Efficiency
Fixed Resources
Fixed Technology
Two Products
for example...
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
A Consumer Good
Assumes...
Efficiency
P
Fixed
IZZ Resources
A
Fixed Technology
Two Products
for example...
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
A Capital Good
Assumes...
Efficiency
R
Fixed Resources
OB
AR OT
Fixed Technology
MS
Two Products
for example...
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
What if we could only produce ..
10,000 Robot Arms
or
400,000 Pizzas
Using all of our resources, to
get some pizza, we must give
up some robot arms!
for example...
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
in table form
PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4
(in hundred thousands)
Robots 10 9 7 4 0
(in thousands)
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
in table form
PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4
(in hundred thousands)
Robots 10 9 7 4 0
(in thousands)
graphical form
(thousands)
Robots
graphical form
(thousands)
Robots
graphical form
(thousands)
Robots
graphical form
(thousands)
Robots
graphical form
(thousands)
Robots
graphical form
(thousands)
Robots
Q 14
13
12 Unattainable
11 A
Robots (thousands)
B
10
9 C W
8
7
6
D Attainable
5
4
Attainable & Efficient
3 but
2 Inefficient
1 E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q
Pizzas (hundred thousands)
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Q 14
13 Notes...
12 Unattainable
LAW OF INCREASING
OPPORTUNITY COSTS
11 A
Robots (thousands)
B
10 The amount of other
9 C
products that must be W
8 forgone or sacrificed to obtain 1
7
6
unit of a specific
Attainable
D product is called
the opportunity cost of that good.
5
4
Attainable & Efficient
3 but
2 Inefficient
1 E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q
Pizzas (hundred thousands)
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Q 14
13 Notes...
12 Unattainable
LAW OF INCREASING
11 A OPPORTUNITY COSTS
Robots (thousands)
B
10 A graph of the production
C curve will beWCONCAVE
9 possibilities
8 - bowed out from the origin.
7 D
6 Economic resources are Attainable
5 not completely adapt- & Efficient
4
Attainable
able to other uses.
3 but
2 Inefficient
1 E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q
Pizzas (hundred thousands)
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Allocative Efficiency: MB=MC
P
MC
Marginal Benefit & Cost $15
MB=MC
10
MB
1 2 3 Q
Quantity of Pizzas
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Q 14
13 Unemployment &
12
Robots (thousands)
11 Underemployment
10
9 Shown by Point U
8
7
6
5 U More of either or
4
3
both is possible
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q
Pizzas (hundred thousands)
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Q 14
13 Notes...Unemployment &
12 Economic Growth
Robots (thousands)
11 Underemployment
The ability to produce
10
9 a largerShown by- Point U
total output
8
7 a rightward shift of
6 the production
5 U More
possibilities curve
of either or
caused by...both is possible
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q
Pizzas (hundred thousands)
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Q 14
13 Notes...Unemployment &
12 Economic Growth
Robots (thousands)
11 Underemployment
1 - Increases in
10
9 Shown
resources - by Point U
8
7
6
2 - Better resource
5 U quality - More of either or
4
3
both is possible
3 – Technological
2 advances
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q
Pizzas (hundred thousands)
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Q 14 A’
13
12
B’ Economic
Growth
11
Robots (thousands)
10
C’
9
8
7
6 D’
5
4
3
2
1 E’
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q
Pizzas (hundred thousands)
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Two Examples of
Economic Growth
FAVORING
PRESENT GOODS
CURRENT
Goods for the Future
CURVE
FUTURE
CURVE
CONSUMPTION
CURRENT CONSUMPTION
Goods for the Future
FUTURE FUTURE
CURVE CURVE
CONSUMPTION CURRENT
CURVE
Applications...
• Unemployment and
Productive Inefficiency
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Applications...
• Unemployment and
Productive Inefficiency
• Tradeoffs and
Opportunity Costs
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
Applications...
• Unemployment and
Productive Inefficiency
• Tradeoffs and
Opportunity Costs
• Shifts and the Production
Possibilities Curve
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
THE MARKET SYSTEM
Pure Capitalism
Laissez-faire
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
THE MARKET SYSTEM
Pure Capitalism
Laissez-faire
RESOURCE
MARKET
BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS
PRODUCT
MARKET
CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL
RESOURCE
MARKET
RESOURCES INPUTS
BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS
PRODUCT
MARKET
CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL
$ COSTS $ INCOMES
RESOURCE
MARKET
RESOURCES INPUTS
BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS
PRODUCT
MARKET
CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL
$ COSTS $ INCOMES
RESOURCE
MARKET
RESOURCES INPUTS
BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS
PRODUCT
MARKET
4. CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL
$ COSTS $ INCOMES
RESOURCE
MARKET
RESOURCES INPUTS
BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS
PRODUCT
MARKET
$ REVENUE $ CONSUMPTION
Hubungan antar sektor rumah
tangga, sektor perusahaan dan
sektor pemerintah, dan Luar Negeri
CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL
$ COSTS $ INCOMES
RESOURCE
MARKET
Chapter
RESOURCES INPUTS
Conclusions
BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS
PRODUCT
MARKET
$ REVENUE $ CONSUMPTION
5. PEMBAGIAN ILMU EKONOMI
Ilmu
Ekonomi
Mikro Makro
Metoda Induktif dan Deduktif
1. Model Grafik
Model Persamaan Matematis
Y=C+I
Keterangan:
Y = Pendapatan
C = Konsumsi
I = Investasi
economizing problem
production possibilities table
utility
production possibilities curve
economic resources
opportunity cost
land
law of increasing opportunity
capital
costs
investment
labor
economic growth
entrepreneurial ability economic system
factors of production market system
full employment capitalism
full production
command system
productive efficiency
allocative efficiency
resource market
consumer goods product market
capital goods circular flow model
1. Dominick Salvatore, 1997. Teori Mikroekonomi, edisi ketiga. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga
2. Koutsoyiannis, A., 1987. Modern Microeconomics. Hong Kong: Mc Millan Education Ltd.
3. Pindyck, Robert S, 1995. Microeconomics, third edition. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs
4. Richard G, Lipsey, 1988, Ilmu Ekonomi, jilid 1. Jakarta: PT Bina Aksara
5. McConnell, Brue. 2008. Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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FAKULTAS EKONOMI
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