Physics Topics

Vectors

Copyright 2010 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission. Intel, the Intel logo and the Intel Education Initiative are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Phabulous Physics: Vectors

Essential Questions
How would you cite the importance of symbols as a form of communication? Does studying vectors and scalar quantities help you in playing games in any gaming consoles? Cite how vectors can help you in looking for a persons house/pace using a sketch of a place. What role does symbols play in communication?

Vectors
A vector is a quantity that involves both magnitude and direction. - Force - A downward force of 3 Newton
- Velocity - 100 m/s, 23 east of north - Weight - 9.8 m/s, downward - Displacement 30 m to the left
A magnitude is a number and a unit of measure. Ex.: 45 meters
Copyright 2010 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission. Intel, the Intel logo and the Intel Education Initiative are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Phabulous Physics: Vectors

Scalar
A scalar is a quantity that does not involve direction.

Speed Mass Time TemperatureEnergy Distance -

45 mph 50 kilograms 60 s 45C 100 joules 80 km

Vector Notation
Vectors are often identified with arrows in graphics and labeled as follows:
A A Vector A represents motion 10 cm to the right. X ! Y { Z

Copyright 2010 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission. Intel, the Intel logo and the Intel Education Initiative are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Phabulous Physics: Vectors

The Vector
Tail Arrowhead

Length of the Arrow Arrowhead indicates the direction of the vector. Length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector. Tail shows the direction of the vector.

Displacement
Displacement is an objects change in position. Distance is the total length of space traversed by an object.
1m 6.7m 3m 5m 6m 2  3m 2 Start = 500 m Finish
Displacement ! 0 m Distance ! 500 m

! 6. 7 m Displacement ! Distance ! 5m  3m  1m ! 9 m
Copyright 2010 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission. Intel, the Intel logo and the Intel Education Initiative are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Phabulous Physics: Vectors

Lets See..
Determine whether the following can be best described by a vector or scalar quantity. Write V for a vector quantity and S for scalar quantity. 1. A childs fever at 39 C running for two days. 2. A cars kilometer-instrument reading 3. A plane flying Manila to Davao route at a speed of 640m/s. 4. A marathon runner finishing a 10 kilometer race in one and a half hours. 5. A book that is 0.5 kilogram.

6. The weight of the same book in #5. 7. Plot of land 40 m x 60 m. 8. Calorie content of a chocolate bar. 9. Density of gold. 10. Cyclist increasing his speed from 5 m/s to 8 m/s in 5 s in the final 50-m straight line rush towards the finish line.

Vector Resolution
Vectors may be added by: Graphical method Finding the components of the vector Applying the Pythagorean Theorem

Adding Vectors
When adding vectors, their directions must be taken into account Units must be the same Graphical Methods * Use scale drawings * Accuracy difficult to control Algebraic Methods * Accuracy well defined

Vector Addition
When handwritten, use an arrow:

When printed, will be in bold print: A When dealing with just the magnitude of a vector in print, an italic letter will be used:

Vector Addition
Equality of Two Vectors

Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and the same direction Any vector can be moved parallel to itself without being affected

Movement of vectors in a diagram

Vector Addition
Negative Vectors

Two vectors are negative if they have the same magnitude but are 180 apart (opposite directions)
A = -B

Resultant Vector

The resultant vector is the sum of a given set of vectors

Rules for Adding Vectors Graphically (A + B)

Draw the first vector A with the appropriate length

and direction Draw the next vector B with the appropriate length and direction specified, whose origin is located at the end of vector A Continue drawing the vectors tip-to-tail The resultant R is drawn from the origin A of to the end of the last vector Measure the length and angle of R

Adding Vectors Graphically, cont. When you have many vectors, just keep repeating the process until all are included The resultant is still drawn from the origin of the first vector to the end of the last vector

Vector Addition
R A B C D E D R A C B A + B + C + D + E = Distance R = Resultant = Displacement B A D R E C

Copyright 2010 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission. Intel, the Intel logo and the Intel Education Initiative are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Phabulous Physics: Vectors

Components of a Vector
y Ay A

Components of a Vector A component is a part It is useful to use rectangular components * These are the projections of the vector along the x and y-axes

x O Ax

Vector Component Terminology

Ax and Ay are the component vectors of A * They are vectors and follow all the rules for vectors * Ax + Ay = A Ax and Ay are scalars, and will be referred to as the components of A The combination of the component vectors is a valid substitution for the actual vector

Components of a Vector
y The x-component of a vector is the projection along the x-axis: Ax = A cos The y-component of a vector O is the projection along the y-axis: Ay = A sin When using this form of the equations, must be measured from the positive x-axis (mathematical standard definition) Ay A

x Ax

Components of a Vector
y A The y-component is moved to the end of the x-component This is due to the fact that any vector can be moved parallel to itself without being affected * This completes the triangle Ay

x O Ax

Components of a Vector
y The components are the legs of the right Ay triangle whose hypotenuse is A A= Ay +Ax
U ! tan
1

A
U ! tan 1

Ay Ax

The Pythagorean theorem O

y x

x Ax

Ay AsinU ! ! tanU Ax AcosU

Must find with respect to the positive x-axis * Use the signs of Ax and Ay and a sketch to track the correct value of

Rectangular Components
Quadrant II y Quadrant I R U Quadrant III B Quadrant IV x

R!
A opp sin U ! ! R hyp B adj cos U ! ! R hyp A opp tan U ! ! B adj

A B
2

-x

-y

Copyright 2010 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission. Intel, the Intel logo and the Intel Education Initiative are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

Phabulous Physics: Vectors

Vector Addition
If two vectors are added at right angles, the magnitude can be found by using the Pythagorean Theorem R2 = A2 + B 2 and the angle by
Opp TanU ! Adj

If two vectors are added at any other angle, the magnitude can be found by the Law of Cosines

R 2 ! A2  B 2  2 AB cos U
and the angle by the Law of Sines Si Si B Si C ! ! b c

Vector Addition
8 meters 36 6 meters 10 meters 62+82=102
6 tan 1 ! 3 6Q 8

The distance traveled is 14 meters and the displacement is 10 meters at 36 south of east.

Vector Addition
A hiker walks 3 km due east, then makes a 30 turn north of east walks another 5 km. What is the distance and displacement of the hiker?

The distance traveled is 3 km + 5 km = 8 km R 5 km 3 km R2 = 32+52- 2*3*5*Cos 150 R2 = 9+25+26=60 R = 7.7 km

sin 150 7.7
Q

sin 5

U ! 19

The displacement is 7.7 km @ 19 north of east

Vector Addition
Add the following vectors and determine the resultant. 3.0 m/s, 45r and 5.0 m/s, 135r 5.83 m/s, 104r

Vector Addition

Vector Addition
A boat travels at 30 m/s due east across a river that is 120 m wide and the current is 12 m/s south. What is the velocity of the boat relative to shore? How long does it take the boat to cross the river? How far downstream will the boat land?

30 m/s 12 m/s

30 m/s 12 m/s

The speed will be 12 2  30 2 = 32. 3 m/s @ 21 downstream. The time to cross the river will be t = d/v = 120 m / 30 m/s = 4 s The boat will be d = vt = 12 m/s * 4 s = 48 m downstream.

Vector Addition

Examples

Vector Addition

Vector Addition

Vector Addition
Add the following vectors and determine the resultant. 6.0 m/s, 225r + 2.0 m/s, 90r 4.80 m/s, 207.9 r

Vector Addition
Add the following vectors and determine the resultant. 6.0 m/s, 225r + 2.0 m/s, 90r R2 = 22 + 62 2*2*6*cos 45r R2 = 4 + 36 24 cos 45r R2 = 40 16.96 = 23 R = 4.8 m
R
17Q

6m 2m 45

sin 45 sin U ! 4.8 2

U ! 17

R = 4.8 m @ 208 r

Vector Addition
A component is a part It is useful to use rectangular components

These are the projections of the vector along the xand y-axes

Vector Addition
The x-component of a vector is the projection along the x-axis

Ax ! A cos U
The y-component of a vector is the projection along the y-axis

Ay ! A sin U
Then,

A ! Ax  Ay

Vector Addition
The previous equations are valid only if is measured with respect to the x-axis The components can be positive or negative and will have the same units as the original vector The components are the legs of the right triangle whose hypotenuse is A
A ! A A

2 x 2 y

and

U ! tan

1

Ay Ax

May still have to find with respect to the positive xaxis

Vector Addition
Choose a coordinate system and sketch the vectors Find the x- and y-components of all the vectors Add all the x-components This gives Rx: Rx v x

Vector Addition
Add all the y-components

This gives Ry:

Ry ! v y

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the magnitude of the Resultant: Use the inverse tangent function to find the direction of R: Ry 1 2 2 U ! tan R ! Rx  Ry Rx

Vector Addition
Vector components is taking a vector and finding the corresponding horizontal and vertical components.
Vector resolution A Ay

U
Ax

Ax ! A cos U Ay ! A sin U

Vector Addition
A plane travels 500 km at 60south of east. Find the east and south components of its displacement.
de 60 ds 500 km

de= 500 km *cos 60= 250 km ds= 500 km *sin 60= 433 km