SUBMITTED BY VINEETA KANWAL B.TECH ME (VI sem) SEC-B, ROLL NO.

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Turbines
Turbines are energy developing machines. Turbines convert fluid energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy developed by the turbines is used in running an electric generator, which is directly connected, to the shaft of the electrical generator. Hydro-electric power generation is the cheapest as compared to other sources.

General layout of Hydro-Power Plant

a) Reservoir b) Dam c) Penstock d) Turbine e) Generator and Transformer

Head of Hydraulic Turbines

1) Gross Head
 Difference Between the Head race level and Tail race level  Static (No water flow) / Total Head H1

2) Net or Effective Head Head available at the entrance of the turbine: H = H1 - hf

Efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines

1) Hydraulic Efficiency due to hydraulic losses Power developed by the runner Net power supplied at the turbine entrance 2) Mechanical Efficiency Due to mechanical losses ( bearing friction) Power available at the turbine shaft (P) Power developed by the runner

3) Volumetric Efficiency due to amt of water slips directly to the tail race Amount of water striking the runner Amount of water supplied to the turbine

4) Overall Efficiency Power available at the turbine shaft (P) Net power supplied at the turbine entrance

Classification of Turbines
Turbines are classified according to several considerations as indicated below. 1- Based on the type of energy at inlet a) Impulse turbine b) Reaction turbine

2-Based on head Head is the elevation difference of reservoir water level and D/S water level. a) High head turbine (Above 250 m) b) Medium head turbine (60 250 m) c) Low head turbine (Below 60 m) 3-Based on specific speed Specific speed Ns = N P / H5/4 a) Low specific speed (8.5 30) b) Medium specific speed (50 340) c) High specific speed (255 860) - Pelton Turbine - Francis Turbine - Kaplan Turbine Pelton Turbine Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine

4- Based on flow through the runner a) Radial flow 1. Inward 2. Outward b) Axial flow - Kaplan Turbine c) Mixed flow - Francis Turbine d) Tangential flow - Pelton Turbine

Impulse Turbines
Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure. The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. No suction downside, water flows out through turbine housing after hitting. High head, low flow applications. Types : Pelton wheel, Turgo

Pelton Wheels
It is a tangential flow impulse turbine. Efficiencies more than 90%. Each bucket reverses the flow of water and this impulse spins the turbine.

 Suited for high head, low flow sites. The largest units can be up to 200 MW. Can operate with heads as small as 15 meters and as high as 1,800 meters.

Parts of Pelton Turbine

Nozzle and spear Runner and buckets Casing Breaking jet

Velocity triangle

R2 = R1 v2 u2 = u1 vw2

v1 (jet velocity)= vw1 R1 u1

Hydropower system design

Multi jet
Higher rotational speed Smaller runner Simple flow control possible Redundancy Can cope with a large range of flows But Needs complex manifold May make control/governing complex