Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web

Chapter One Internet Programming mnibrahim@gmail.com

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture you will be able to: describe what is and the evolution of the Internet World Wide Web (WWW) programming languages/scripting explain the role of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

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What is the Internet?

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What is the Internet?

the Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common software standard the Internet is NOT belong to a single organization. No Internet Bhd. the Internet is bound by few standard rules and answer to no single organization

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What kind of information available?

multimedia files (texts, graphics, sounds , animations and videos) including news, business information etc. free software/shareware forums chatting board e-mail many more...

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Advantages of the Internet

sharing research and business data among colleagues and likeminded individuals communicating with others and transmitting files via e-mail requesting and providing assistance with problems and questions marketing and publicizing products and services gathering valuable feedback and suggestions from customers and business partners many more

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the sum of many parts

USENET newsgroup, posting and responding to public bulleting board messages File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a system for storing and receiving data files on large computer systems Internet Relay Chat (IRC), a system for sending public and private messages to other users in real time Search engine, a method for searching for various information TELNET, a way of connecting directly to computer systems on the Internet e-mail, for exchange of electronic mail the World Wide Web (WWW)

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What is the WWW?

WWW is a method of posting and accessing interactive multimedia information, the Web is a true information superhighway, allowing users to access a wealth of information quickly and easily around the globe.

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What makes the Web unique?

open standards that allow Web pages to be viewed through most any computer with an Internet connection and a Web browser the availability to make software and data files available for downloading ease of use; just point and click on your browser to access the information you need

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What does the Web empower me to do?

publish and make frequent updates to online documents, and retrieve direct feedback on those documents connect with diverse, global audience - a community define not by geography, but by interests keep abreast of the latest news and developments in your profession often before such news appears in conventional media reference other Web resources easily via hypertext many more...

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History of the Internet

ARPAnet implemented in late 1960s by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency of DoD) networked computer systems of a dozen universities and institutions with 56KB communications lines grandparent of todays Internet intended to allow computers to be shared Play a video clip
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history of the Internet

became clear that key benefit was allowing fast communication between researchers electronic-mail (email)

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history of the Internet

ARPAs goals allow multiple users to send and receive info at same time network operated packet switching technique digital data sent in small packages called packets packets contained data, address info, errorcontrol info and sequencing info greatly reduced transmission costs of dedicated communications lines
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history of the Internet

network designed to be operated without centralized control if portion of network fails, remaining portions still able to route packets

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history of the Internet

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) name of protocols for communicating over ARPAnet ensured that messages were properly routed and that they arrived intact organizations implemented own networks used both for intra-organization and communication

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history of the Internet

huge variety of networking hardware and software appeared ARPA achieved inter-communication between all platforms with development of the IP Internetworking Protocol Current architecture of Internet combined set of protocols called TCP/IP

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history of the Internet

the Internet limited to universities and research institutions military became big user next, government decided to access Internet for commercial purposes

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history of the Internet

Internet traffic grew businesses spent heavily to improve Internet better service their clients fierce competition among communications carriers and hardware and software suppliers result bandwidth (info carrying capacity) of Internet increased tremendously costs plummeted (drop sharply)
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Personal Computing
IBM 1981, introduced IBM Personal Computer made personal computing legitimate in business, industry and government organizations computers were stand-alone units info only shared between computers through exchange of discs

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Personal Computing
machines could be linked over telephone lines over Local Area Networks (LANs) led to distributed computing

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Personal Computing
computers today as powerful as million dollar machines from 20 years ago Workstations most powerful desktops today provide users with enormous capabilities

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Personal Computing
information easily shared over networks networks controlled by servers common programs and data used by client computers popular operating systems UNIX, OS/2, MacOS, Windows, Windows NT, Linux

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History of the World Wide Web

WWW allows computer users to locate and view multimedia-based documents introduced in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee Internet today mixes computing and communications technologies makes information constantly and instantly available to anyone with a connection
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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

W3C founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee devoted to developing non-proprietary and interoperable technologies for the World Wide Web and making the Web universally accessible

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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

standardization W3C Recommendations: technologies standardized by W3C include XHTML, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and the Extensible Markup Language (XML) document must pass through Working Draft, Candidate Recommendation and Proposed Recommendation phases before considered for W3C Recommendation
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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

W3C Structure 3 Hosts Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) INRIA (Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique) Keio University of Japan 400 Members

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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

W3C homepage at http://www.w3c.org W3C Goals User Interface Domain Technology and Society Domain Architecture Domain and Web Accessibility Initiatives

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Hardware Trends
improving technologies Internet community thrives on improvements of hardware software communications cost of products and services consistently dropping over the decades

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Hardware Trends
computer capacity and speed doubles every two years (on average) microprocessor chip laid groundwork in late 1970s and 1980s for productivity improvements of the 1990s

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

costs hardware costs dropping software development costs rising more sophisticated and powerful programs being developed

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

Objects reusable software components that model items in the real world makes software developers more productive object-oriented programs often easier to understand, correct and modify than older types of programs

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

Structured Programming led to first improvements in software technology larger improvements only appeared with object-oriented programming in 1980s and 1990s

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

object technology C++, developed in 1980s, based on two languages C Developed to implement the UNIX OS in early 1970s Simula 67 Simulation programming language from 1967

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

C++ absorbed capabilities of C and added Simulas capabilities of creating and manipulating objects packaging scheme that helps create meaningful software units large and highly focused on particular applications areas

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

before appeared, programming languages were focused on actions (verbs) rather then on objects (nouns) programmers would program primarily with verbs made program awkward we live in a world filled with complex objects and simple actions

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

Object-oriented programming programmers work in manner similar to how they see the world more natural process significant productivity enhancements

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The Key Software Trend: Object Technology

procedural programming not particularly reusable forces programmers to constantly re-invent the wheel wastes time and resources objects software modules kept in libraries reusable save time and resources
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Object-Based Scripting for the Web

JavaScript attractive package for advancing level of programming language education object-based language supports proper software engineering techniques

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Object-Based Scripting for the Web

free for download in todays most popular Web browsers attractive to colleges bug fixes and new versions easily obtained powerful scripting language portable programs execute interpretively on client machines

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Browser Portability
browser portability great challenge great diversity of client browsers in use many different platforms also in use difficult to know capabilities and features of all browsers and platforms in use find correct mix between absolute portability, complexity and usability of features
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Java
history of Java Project Green (1991): developed C based language (later called Java) for intelligent consumer electronic devices advanced by World Wide Web explosion in 1993: potential to create Web pages with dynamic content Java was introduced in May of 1995

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Java
advantages of Java allows Web pages with dynamic and interactive content allows large-scale enterprise applications enhances Web Servers provides applications for consumer devices now one of most widely implemented languages in world

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Discussion