7/15/2011
Abstract
y y
7/15/2011
Generally, the operating conditions of SI engines vary widely, such as stop and go city tra c, highway motoring at constant speed, or high-speed freeway driving. In a conventional SI engine, the maximum compression ratio is set by the conditions in the cylinder at high load, when the fuel and air consumption are at maximum levels. If the compression ratio is higher than the designed limit, the fuel will pre-ignite causing knocking, which could damage the engine. Unfortunately, most of the time SI engines in city driving conditions operate at relatively low power levels under slow accelerations, low speeds, or light loads, which lead to low thermal e ciency and hence higher fuel consumption. As the engine load decreases, the temperature in the end gas drops, so that high compression ratio could be employed without the risk of knocking in naturally aspirated or boosted engines. To further improve fuel economy, the VCR engine is small, with about one-third the displacement volume of a conventional gasoline engine. Variable compression ratio engines are those engines that have varied compression ratios at different engine speeds .used mostly in the diesel engine, these engines have high values of economy compared to the ordinary engines. Compression ratio of an engine is the relative amount to which the volume available is compressed This compression ratio that is available is to be high when the engine is working at low speeds. When the speed is increased, the efficiency value is decreased .the requirement is a low compression ratio and that too by increasing the clearance volume. Since the engine is running at low speeds at the first, the time availability is high, but when ever the speed increases the available time for combustion is less and hence the volume required is high.
Variable compression ratio 2
7/15/2011
gas temperature, engine knock, fuel type, octane rating of fuel, etc
y It has been proven that a VCR engine develops much more power for the same engine dimensions. y SAAB has recently been involved in working with the 'Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies', to produce a modern Petrol VCR engine that showed an efficiency comparable with that of a Diesel
7/15/2011
Octane Rating
Octane Does Matter: Octane rating reflects the quality, purity, refinement, efficiency and heat bearing capacity of Fuels. What is an octane rating (or number) ? The simplest definition is that such rating/number is a measure of a fuels resistance to detonation during combustion.....or the fuels anti-knock quality. y The octane rating of gasoline tells you how much the fuel can be compressed before it
spontaneously ignites. When gas ignites by compression rather than because of the spark from the spark plug, it causes knocking in the engine. Knocking can damage an engine, so it is not something you want to have happening. Lower-octane gas (like "regular" 87octane gasoline) can handle the least amount of compression before igniting. y The compression ratio of your engine determines the octane rating of the gas you must use in the car. One way to increase the horsepower of an engine of a given displacement is to increase its compression ratio. So a "high-performance engine" has a higher compression ratio and requires higher-octane fuel. The advantage of a high compression ratio is that it gives your engine a higher horsepower rating for a given engine weight -that is what makes the engine "high performance."
7/15/2011
some other Countries. It is determined with measurements of fuel behavior in a variable compression engine. Results are compared with other iso-octane fuels, wish means, compared with other fuel types with equal number of similar octane molecules present, but not the of the same organic compound. but with the fuel already preheated, variable ignition timing and higher RPMs than the RON method. This method is more precise on determining fuel behavior on an loaded engine.
y MON: (Motor Octane Number). Determined also with a variable compression engine,
y PON or AKI: (Pump Octane Rating or Anti-Knock Index): This is the method used in
USA and Canada, expressed as [R+M]/2, wish means RON number plus MON number, divided by 2. In other words, it is the average between both methods above. y Equivalency: So, due to the fact that RON is always from 4 to 5 points higher of its equivalent to PON or AKI, the number conversion between USA and Europe octane ratings will approximately be as follows: y USA (PON) -> Europe (RON) y 87 -> 91 89 -> 93 91 -> 95 93 -> 98
7/15/2011 Variable compression ratio 6
7/15/2011
7/15/2011
and 14:1
7/15/2011
occurs at constant pressure, the cycle is called the Atkinson cycle. y The original Atkinson cycle piston engine allowed the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle to occur in a single turn of the crankshaft and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering otto cycle engines.Because of the unique crank shaft design of the Atkinson, its expansion ratio can differ from its Compression ratio and, with a power stroke longer than its compression stroke, the engine can achieve greater thermal efficiency than a traditional piston engine.
7/15/2011
10
Piston-Crank Mechanism
y By applying multi-link mechanism, significant improvement of engine vibration coupled with friction reduction (basic condition of engine mechanism) have been obtained. And in addition, function of variable compression ratio control under engine running condition has been achieved.
7/15/2011
11
7/15/2011
12
7/15/2011
13
7/15/2011
14
Compression Ratio
y It is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder , when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke. y The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine (such as an Internal-Combustion Engines or a stirling Engine). y It is given by the expression
Compression Ratio = (Volume Before Compression) / (volume After Compression) y Compression ratio and overall pressure ratio are interrelated as follows:
3:1
5:1
10:1
15:1
20:1
25:1
35:1
2:1
10:1
22:1
40:1
56:1
75:1
110:1
7/15/2011
15
y The moving head concept (Saab Automobile AB) combines a cylinder head
with cylinder liners into a monohead construction, which pivots with respect y to the remainder of the engine. The lower half of the block includes the crankcase and engine mounts, and carries the crankshaft, gear box, oil cooler, and auxiliaries. The upper half includes the cylinders, their
7/15/2011
16
7/15/2011
17
Advantages
y An overall fuel consumption reduction up to 27 %. y Pollutant emissions like co2 is been Reduced. y This new technology must be able to fulfill future emission standards and improved drivability of the vehicles. y Due to use of higher compression ratio at low loads the VCR engine has a good cold starting and idling performance at low ambient temperatures. y As a compression ratio is reduced the first stage of combustion increases while the second state of combustion decreases but the overall duration is release is shortened, i.e. as the load is increased the ratio heat released also decreased. This results in smoother combustion at both lower and higher compression ratio. y Its the fact that the expansion ratio is larger than the compression ratio in the atkinson cycle that makes it more fuel efficient.
7/15/2011
18
DisAdvantages
y The disadvantage of the variable compression ratio is
7/15/2011
19
7/15/2011
20
Conclusion
y In addition to improve Fuel Consumption of the engine to get overall
increase in the efficiency of the Engine at the required Intervals of Loads.VCR intentionally make the Reduction Of Noise/ Vibration Of the Engine.In Future The Optimised Usage Of this New Technology all allover the World will fulfill future Emission Standards and Improved drivability .
7/15/2011
21
Bibilography.
y y y y y
y y y y
John B Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, 1988, ISBN 0-07-100499-8 J R Clarke, R J Tabaczynski, US Patent 6135086, 2000-10-24, Internal combustion engine with adjustable compression ratio and knock control. J Beroff, European Patent 1143127, 2001-10-10,Internal combustion engine with variable capacity and compression ratio. G Rapan, I Rapan, Romanian Patent RO115662B, 2000-04-28, Variable compression ratio engine. Moteki, K., Aoyama, S., Ushijima, K., Hiyoshi, R., Takemura, S., Fujimoto, H., and Arai, T. A study of a variable compression ratio system with a multi-link mechanism. SAE paper 200301-0921, 2003. Haraldsson, G., Tunestal, P., Johansson, B., and Hyvonen, J. HCCI combustion phasing in a multi-cylinder engine using variable compression ratio. SAE paper 2002-01-2858, 2002. Clarke, J. R. and Tabaczynski, R. J. Internal combustion engine with adjustable compression ratio and knock control. US Pat. 6135086 (24 October 2000). Sykes, R. G. and Tickford. Methods to reduce the fuel consumption of gasoline engines. In Proceedings of Conference Engines Expo 2000. http://virtualpowertrain.com/papers/Investigation%20and%20Development%20of%20an%2 0Atkinson%20Cycle%20Engine%20with%20the%20Aid%20of%20Artificial%20Neural%20Net work.pdf http://www.nissan-global.com/
7/15/2011
22
7/15/2011
23
Queries ????
7/15/2011
24