Les 11

11
Arrays and Collections
Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

the following:
• Describe how to create arrays of primitives and
objects
• Process command-line variables
• Work with ArrayLists
• Explore other Java collections such as
Enumerators, Iterators, ArrayLists, and
Hashtables
• Process command-line and system properties
11-2 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Arrays
An array is a collection of variables of the same type.

• Each element can hold a single item.
• Items can be primitives or object references.
• The length of the array is fixed when it is created.
[0] 1
[0] Action
[1] 2
[1] Comedy
[2] 4
[2] Drama
[3] 8

Creating an Array of Primitives
1. Declare the array. Null

arrayName
type[] arrayName;
… or …
type arrayName[]; 0
arrayName
0
type is a primitive, such as int and so on.
0
2. Create the array object.
// Create array object syntax 1
arrayName = new type[size]; arrayName
2
3. Initialize the array elements
4
(optional).

Declaring an Array
• Create a variable to reference the array object:
int[] powers; // Example
• When an array variable is declared:

– Its instance variable is initialized to null until the
array object has been created
powers null
– Its method variable is unknown until the object is

created

Creating an Array Object
• Create an array of the required length and assign it

to the array variable:
int[] powers; // Declare array variable
powers = new int[4]; //Create array object
– Create the array object by using the new operator.

• The contents of an array of primitives are
initialized automatically.
powers 0
0
0
0

Initializing Array Elements
• Assign values to individual elements:

arrayName[index] = value; 1 [0]
powers 0 [1]
powers[0] = 1;
0 [2]
• Create and initialize arrays at 0 [3]
the same time:
type[] arrayName = {valueList}; 2 [0]
primes 3 [1]
int[] primes = {2, 3, 5, 7};
5 [2]
7 [3]

Creating an Array of Object References
arrVar
1. Declare the array. null
ClassName[] arrVar;
arrVar
… or … null
ClassName arrVar[];
null
null
2. Create the array object. arrVar

Action
// Create array object syntax Comedy

arrVar = new ClassName[size]; Drama
3. Initialize the objects in the array.

Initializing the Objects in an Array
• Assign a value to each array element:
// Create an array of four empty Strings

String[] arr = new String[4];
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
arr[i] = new String();
}
• Create and initialize the array at the same time:

String[] categories =
{"Action", "Comedy", "Drama"};

Using an Array of Object References
• Any element can be assigned to an object of the

correct type:
String category = categories[0];
• Each element can be treated as an individual

object:
System.out.println
("Length is " + categories[2].length());
• An array element can be passed to any method;

array elements are passed by reference.

Going Through the Array Elements
• Use a loop to explore each element in the array:
for (int i = 0;i < categories.length; i++){

System.out.println("Category: "+categories[i]);
}
• Java 5.0 provides this alternative enhanced

syntax:
for (String category: categories) {
System.out.println ("Category: " +category);
}

Arrays and Exceptions
• ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs
when an array index is invalid:
String[] list = new String[4];
//The following throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
System.out.println(list[4]);
• NullPointerException occurs when you try to

access an element that has not been initialized:
Movie[] movieList = new Movie[3];

// The following will throw NullPointerException
String director = movieList[0].getDirector();

Multidimensional Arrays
Java supports arrays of arrays:
type[][] arrayname = new type[n1][n2];
int[][] mdarr = new int[4][2]; [0][0] [0][1]

mdarr[0][0] = 1;
mdarr[0][1] = 7; mdarr
1 7
[0]
[1] 0 0
[2] 0 0
[3] 0 0

Passing Command-Line Parameters
to main()
• main() has a single parameter: args.

• args is an array of Strings that holds command-
line parameters:
C:\> java SayHello Hello World
public class SayHello {

public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length != 2)
System.out.println("Specify 2 arguments");
else
System.out.println(args[0]+" "+args[1]);
} …

Java Collections Framework
Java Collections Framework is an API architecture for

managing a group of objects that can be manipulated
independently of their internal implementation. It is:
• Found in the java.util package
• Defined by six core interfaces and many
implementation classes:
– Collection interface: Generic group of elements
– Set interface: Group of unique elements
– List interface: Ordered group of elements
– Map interface: Group of unique keys and their
values
– SortedSet and SortedMap for a sorted Set and
Map

Collections Framework Components
Collections Framework is a set of interfaces and

classes used to store and manipulate groups of data
as a single unit.
• Core interfaces are the interfaces used to
manipulate collections and to pass them from one
method to another.
• Implementations are the actual data objects used
to store collections, which implement the core
collection interface.
• Algorithms are pieces of reusable functionality
provided by the JDK.

ArrayList
The ArrayList class:

• Is a resizable implementation of the List interface
• Allows manipulation of the array size
• Has capacity that grows as elements are added to
the list
• Creating an empty ArrayList:
ArrayList members = new ArrayList();
• Creating an ArrayList with an initial size:

// Create an ArrayList with 10 elements.
ArrayList members = new ArrayList(10);

Modifying an ArrayList
• Add an element to the end of the ArrayList:

String name = MyMovie.getNextName();
members.add(name);
• Add an element at a specific position:
// Insert a string at the beginning

members.add(0, name);
• Remove the element at a specific index:

// Remove the first element
members.remove(0);

Accessing an ArrayList
• Get the first element:

String s = members.get(0);
• Get an element at a specific position:

String s = members.get(2);
• Find an object in an ArrayList:

int position = members.indexOf(name);
• Get the size of an ArrayList :

int size = members.size();

Hashtable Class
The Hashtable class:

• Implements the Map interface
• Is used to store arbitrary objects that are indexed
by another arbitrary object
• Is commonly used with String as the key to store
objects as values

Iterator Interface
The Iterator interface, which is part of Java

Collections Framework, can be used to process a
series of objects. The java.util.Iterator interface:
• Implements an object-oriented approach for
accessing elements in a collection
• Replaces the java.util.Enumeration approach
• Contains the following methods:
– hasNext() returns true if more elements exist.
– next() returns the next Object, if any.
– remove() removes the last element returned.

Enhancements in Java SE 5.0
Java SE 5.0 provides some enhancements when

working with the Java Collections Framework API:
• Generic types:
– Enable you to define type-specific collections
– Catch type mismatches at compile time (not run
time)
• Enhanced for:
– Simplifies traversing through a collection
– Removes the need for an iterator
• Autoboxing of primitive types:
– Simplifies converting between primitive types and
their equivalent wrapper types

Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Create Java arrays of primitives
• Create arrays of object references
• Initialize arrays of primitives or object references
• Process command-line arguments in the main()
method
• Use the ArrayList object to implement resizable
arrays
• Use the Hashtable class and Iterator interface

Practice 11 Overview:
Using Arrays and Collections
This practice covers the following topics:

• Modifying the DataMan class
• Creating an array to hold the Customer, Company,
and Individual objects
• Adding a method to ensure that the array is
successfully created and initialized
• Adding a method to find a customer by an ID value


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11

Arrays and Collections

Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

11-2 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

An array is a collection of variables of the same type.

11-3 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

1. Declare the array. Null

11-4 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• Create a variable to reference the array object:

int[] powers; // Example

• When an array variable is declared:

– Its method variable is unknown until the object is

11-5 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• Create an array of the required length and assign it

– Create the array object by using the new operator.

11-6 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• Assign values to individual elements:

11-8 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

2. Create the array object. arrVar

// Create array object syntax Comedy

3. Initialize the objects in the array.

• Assign a value to each array element:

// Create an array of four empty Strings

• Create and initialize the array at the same time:

11-10 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• Any element can be assigned to an object of the

String category = categories[0];

• Each element can be treated as an individual

• An array element can be passed to any method;

11-12 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• Use a loop to explore each element in the array:

for (int i = 0;i < categories.length; i++){

• Java 5.0 provides this alternative enhanced

11-13 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• NullPointerException occurs when you try to

Movie[] movieList = new Movie[3];

11-14 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Java supports arrays of arrays:

type[][] arrayname = new type[n1][n2];

int[][] mdarr = new int[4][2]; [0][0] [0][1]

11-15 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• main() has a single parameter: args.

public class SayHello {

11-16 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Java Collections Framework is an API architecture for

11-18 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Collections Framework is a set of interfaces and

11-20 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

The ArrayList class:

• Creating an ArrayList with an initial size:

11-21 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• Add an element to the end of the ArrayList:

• Add an element at a specific position:

// Insert a string at the beginning

• Remove the element at a specific index:

11-22 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

• Get the first element:

• Get an element at a specific position:

• Find an object in an ArrayList:

• Get the size of an ArrayList :

11-23 Copyright © 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

The Hashtable class: