m
= Mechanical position of rotor rad
m
= mechanical speed in radians per second=d
m
/dt
m
= mechanical accelaration rad/sec
2
= d
m
/dt= d
2
m
/dt
2
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 25
First swing stability-Dynamics
In steady state synchronous Machines run at
synchronous speed Pm Pe
Tm
m
Te
P = number of poles
msyn
= (2/P) syn
syn =2 f Electrical frequency in rad/s
f = electrical frequency in Hz
Position and speed can be measured in mechanical (actual)
or electrical units
= (P/2)
m
electrical radians per second
= (P/2)
m
electrical radians per second
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 26
First swing stability-Dynamics
In steady state synchronous Machines run at
synchronous speed Pm Pe
Tm
m
Te
m
4 poles at 60 Hz
syn = 377 el. Rad/sec
msyn
=188.5 Rad/sec (1800 rpm)
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 27
Power System Stability
First swing stability-Dynamics
Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
Tm Te = J
m
If mechanical torque Tm > Electrical torque Te speed
m
goes up
If mechanical torque Tm < Electrical torque Te speed
m
goes down
Normally write this in terms of Power, speed in electrical rad/s and
units of PU
Tm Te
Tm Te = J d
m
/dt
Tm Te = J d
2
m
/dt
2
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 28
First swing stability-Dynamics
Mechanical position
and speed
Pm Pe
Tm
m
Te
m
m
Mechanical position with respect
to stationary reference (rad.)
m
Mechanical speed with respect to
stationary reference(rad/sec)
m
= d
m
/ dt
m
=
m
dt
Fixed Reference
Rotor spins
CCW at speed
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 29
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Mechanical position
and speed
Pm Pe
Tm
m
Te
m
m
Mechanical position with respect
to reference rotating at
synchronous speed
msyn
m
Mechanical speed with respect to
rotating reference (rad/sec)
m
=
msyn
dt +
m
=
msyn
t +
m
d
m
/ dt =
m
-
msyn
= d
m
/ dt
msyn
Reference rotates
At Synchronous
Speed
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 30
First swing stability-Dynamics
Mechanical position
and speed
Pm Pe
Tm
m
Te
m
-
msyn
= 0 =>
m
constant
m
-
msyn
= 0 =>
m
increases
m
-
msyn
= 0 =>
m
decreases
Think about watching the hash mark on the
rotor under a strobe. If the rotor turns faster
than the strobe the hash advances at the
difference speed
msyn
Reference rotates
At Synchronous
Speed
m
-
msyn
= d
m
/ dt
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 31
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Back to Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
J d
2
m /dt
2=
Tm Te = Ta Ta accelerating torque
d / dt =
m
-
msyn
Using P=T and dividing by Base MVA SB
(
m
/SB) J d
2
m /dt
2
= Pm - Pe = Pa per unit
Tm Te
Tm Te = J d
2
m
/dt
2
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 32
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
Tm Te
(2m/
msyn
2
) ((1/2 Jmsyn
2
)/SB) J d
2
/dt
2
= Pm - Pe
(2
pu
/syn) ((1/2Jmsyn
2
)/SB) J d
2
/dt
2
= Pm - Pe = Pa
m/msyn =
pu
Electrical
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 33
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
Tm Te
H=(1/2) J
msyn
2
/SB = KE at synchronous speed/ Base MVA
H is called machine inertia in seconds
(2
pu
/syn) ((1/2Jmsyn
2
)/SB) J d
2
/dt
2
= Pm - Pe = Pa
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 34
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
Tm Te
Finally, since syn = 2f
pu
d /dt = ( f/H )(Pm Pe) d / dt = syn
Equivalently,
pu
d
2
/ dt
2
= ( f/H )( Pm Pe) d / dt = syn
These are called the SWING EQUATIONS
Note: and are NOT in pu; f is electrical frequency in HZ
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 35
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
Tm Te
Example ( text 13.1)
3 phase 60 Hz 500 MVA 15kV 32 Pole H=2 S ;
Initially Pm=Pe=1 pu =10 deg
Find electrical and mechanical synchronous speed
swing equation
A fault reduces Pe to zero; find and at 3 cycles
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 36
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
Tm Te
Example ( text 13.1)
3 phase 60 Hz 500 MVA 15kV 32 Pole H=2 S ; Initially Pm=Pe=1 pu =10 deg
syn = 377 el. Rad/s always for f=60 Hz
msyn = (1/P) syn = 23.56 rad/s
Swing equation
pu
d
2
/ dt
2
= 94.25( Pm Pe) d / dt = 377
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 37
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
Tm Te
Example ( text 13.1)
d / dt = 94.25 rad/s
2
(0)=377 rad/s
= 94.25 t + 377 (0.05)= 379.356
d / dt = 377 = 94.25t (0)=10deg
(t) = 47.125 t
2
+ o (.05) =16.75 deg
A fault reduces Pe to zero; find and at 3 cycles(.05s)
Assume
pu
~1. Since Pe=0 and Pm=1
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 38
First swing stability-
Dynamics
Generator dynamics
Pm Pe
Tm Te
Example ( text 13.1)
(0)=377 rad/s = 94.25 t + 377 (0.05)= 379.356
(0)=10deg = 47.125 t
2
+ o (.05) = =16.75 deg
Summary : Speed increases at a rate dictated by power imbalance and
inertia
Angle increases depending on difference between machine
speed and synchronous speed
t
377
3~
.05 S
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 39
Power System Stability
Lecture 2 Mechanical Aspects and Swing Equation
Can generator get back to constant
--synchronous speed?
-
How does speed change in a disturbance
-
Mechanical system model
-
SWING EQUATIONDYNAMICS
-
How do speed changes ( angle changes) affect
power flow?
-
Machine model
-
Power angle equation
-
Given these models can energy be transferred
to bring speeds back?
Pm Pe
V
Large System Infinite Bus
Voltage and frequency ~constant
SPEED
Line Real Power P
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 40
First swing stability-Swing Equation
A generator connected to an infinite bus through a line
Initially Pm=Pe
Pm Pe
jXL jXd
+
E/
Pe
V/0
(Infinite Bus)
Pm
Speed change is governed by the Swing Equation
d
2
/dt
2
= (f/H) (Pm-Pe)
d /dt = -syn
SUMMARY Lecture 1
Now need to know how Pe changes during a disturbance
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 41
Power System Stability
Manifestations Angle Stability
Can generator get back to constant --synchronous
speed?
Only if it can get rid of excess KE
Excess KE needs to go into the infinite bus through
the line?
Will it? What happens if it cant?
Stability means returning to synchronous speed
In a multi-machine system it means settling at a
common speed
KE
Builds up
Excess KE
Needs to be removed
SPEED
Line Real Power P
P
P
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 42
First swing stability-Swing Equation
A generator connected to an infinite bus through a line
Initially Pm=Pe
Pm Pe
jXL jXd
+
E/
Pe
V/0
(Infinite Bus)
Pm
Speed change is governed by the Swing Equation
d
2
/dt
2
= (f/H) (Pm-Pe)
d /dt = -syn
SUMMARY Lecture 1
Transient Stability means that after a disturbance the
generator will return to Steady state operation at
synchronous speed
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 43
First swing stability-Swing Equation
A generator connected to an infinite bus through a line
Initially Pm=Pe
Pm Pe
jXL jXd
+
E/
Pe
V/0
(Infinite Bus)
Pm
Speed change is governed by the Swing Equation
d
2
/dt
2
= (f/H) (Pm-Pe)
d /dt = -syn
SUMMARY Lecture 1
Now need to know how Pe changes during a disturbance
Need Generator and Network Model
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 44
Classical model
Per phase model
The generator reactance X= Xd Transient Reactance
E is the phasor induced voltage
Magnitude of E freezes at the value
just prior to disturbance
Power System Stability
First swing stability-Generator Electrical
E/
I
Vt/0
E/ = Vt
pf
/0 + I
pf
(Ra+jXd)
Vt
pf
, It
pf
are terminal voltage and current before the fault
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 45
SLOWLY VARYING
PHASOR
1.531171
1.529455
v t ( )
2 cos 377 t
.
( )
.
.2 0 t
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
2
1
0
1
2
1.531171
1.529455
v t ( )
2 cos 377 t
.
( )
.
1 .8 t
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
2
1
0
1
2
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 49
The N- node network can be represented by the admittance matrix equation
I = Y V
The current injected into node m
Im =
N
m=1
Ymn Vn
The Complex power into node m is
Sm=Vm (
N
m=1
Ymn Vn)
*
Power System Stability
First swing stability-Power Transmission
How does power change with speed and rotor angle?
E1/
I
E2/
I
V1
V2
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 50
Let Vm=|Vm|/m Vn=|Vn|/n Ymn=|Ymn|/mn
Starting with
Sm=Vm (
N
m=1
Ymn Vn)
*
Pm=Re(Sm)=|Vm|
n
m=1
|Ymn| | Vn| cos (m - n - mn )
Qm=Im(Sm)=|Vm|
n
m=1
|Ymn| | Vn| sin (m - n - mn )
Power System Stability
First swing stability-Power Transmission
E1/
I
E2/
I
V1
V2
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 51
Real Power Pm=Re(Sm)=|Vm|
N
m=1
|Ymn| | Vn| cos (m - n - mn )
Real power flow is controlled by voltage phase angles m,
n
For a line ( or generator with resistance and capacitance neglected, i.e., pure
inductive reactance
|Vm|/m Pmn Vn|/n
Power System Stability
First swing stability-Power Transmission
jX
+
+
Y =
1/jX
1/jX
-1/jX
-1/jX
Pmn= Vm Vn sin (m - n ) /X
Real power goes from higher phase angle to lower phase angle
To make power go down a line need to make sending end phase angle larger
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 52
First swing stability
Power Angle Equation
A generator connected to an infinite bus through a line
Initially Pm=Pe
Pm Pe
jXL
+
E/ Pe
jXd
V/0
(Infinite Bus)
Pm
If changes Pe changes <= Pe= E V sin () /(X+XL)
If Pm or Pe changes speed changes <=Pm Pe = (H/ f) d /dt
How are the two
related?
+
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 53
First swing stability
Power Angle Equation
A generator connected to an infinite bus through a line
Initially Pm=Pe Suppose we increase Pm then speed
increases
Pm Pe
jXL
+
E/
Pe
jXd
V/0
Fixed (Infinite Bus)
Pm
If the speed of the generator increases the phase angle of induced
voltage increases
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
1
0
1
1
1
v t ( )
e t ( )
0.2 0 t
Inf.
Bus
60~
Gen
60.6~
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 54
First swing stability
A generator connected to an infinite bus through a line
Initially Pm=Pe Suppose we increase Pm then speed increases
Pm Pe
If the speed of the generator increases the phase angle of induced voltage increases
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
1
0
1
1
1
v t ( )
e t ( )
0.2 0 t
Inf.
Bus
60~
Gen
60.6~
can be constant only if the frequencies are identical -- Synchronous
d /dt = -syn
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 55
Power System Stability
First swing stability
Lecture 3
Qualitative Analysis
P
o
A
Pm1
B
C
D
E
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 63
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Stable Equilibriumsmall increase in mechanical power
Pm
Pe
P
o
A
Pm1
B
C
D
E
-syn
Time
First swing
Stable
1
0
0
0
1
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 64
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Stable Equilibriumsmall increase in mechanical power
Pm
Pe
P
o
A
Pm1
B
C
D
E
-syn
Time
1
0
0
0
1
Equal Speeds at
Points A and E
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 65
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Basic Principle
Two points on the trajectory
A speed=1 angle = 1 time = t1
B speed=1 angle = 2 time = t2>t1
d/dt[(d/dt)
2
] = (d/dt)(d
2
/dt
2
)
2
1
2
1
] [ }] ) {( [
2
2
2
d dt
dt
d
t
t
dt
d
dt
d
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 66
2
1
2 t t 1 t t
2
1
2 t
1 t
dt
d
d ] Pe Pm [
H
f
| ) syn ( | ) syn (
d ] Pe Pm [
H
f
dt }] ) syn {( [
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
] [ }] ) {( [
2
2
2
d dt
dt
d
t
t
dt
d
dt
d
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Basic Principle
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 67
2
1
2 t t 1 t t
d ] Pe Pm [
H
f
| ) syn ( | ) syn (
2 2
If (t1 )= (t2)
0
2
1
Pe]d [Pm
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Basic Principle
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 68
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Basic Principle
2
1
2 t t 1 t t
d ] Pe Pm [
H
f
| ) syn ( | ) syn (
2 2
Relates to changes in KE
If change in KE can be recovered 1 machine-infinite bus
system will be stable
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 69
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Basic Principle
Pm
Pe
P
o
A
Pm1
C
E
2
0 Pe]d 1 [Pm Pe]d 1 [Pm
1
x
x
0
+
x
x
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 70
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Application
1. Establish initial conditions
2. Define sequence of events and network
for each event
3. Develop Power angle curves
4. Apply EAC
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 71
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Example 1
Stability under small change in mechanical power
jXL
+
E/
Pe
jXd
V/0
Pm
S
Xd`=0.2
XL=0.2 pu.
V
1 :
S 0.5 e
j acos 0.8 ( )
: S 0.4 0.3i + pu
I
S
V
.
`
: I 0.4 0.3i
E' V
1 :
S 0.5 e
j acos 0.8 ( )
: S 0.4 0.3i + pu
I
S
V
.
`
: I 0.4 0.3i
E' V
0
8.13deg :
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 75
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Example 1 Stability under small change in mechanical power
jXL
+
E/
Pe
jXd
V/0
Pm
S
Xd`=0.2
XL=0.2 pu.
2. Power angle equation before and after change in Pm
Pe= Pmax Sin() Pmax= EV /(Xd`+XL)
Pmax 2.828 Pe
( )
Pmax sin
( )
:
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 76
Pm
Pe
P
o
A
Pm1
C
E
2
0 ]d ) ( Pe 1 [Pm ]d ) ( Pe 1 [Pm
1
x
x
0
+
x
x
First swing stability-Equal Area Criterion
Small change in mechanical power
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 77
Pm
Pe
P
o
A
Pm1
C
E
2 x
0 1 2 3 4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Pe
( )
Pm
Pm1
Guess
2
10deg :
Given
2
Pm1 Pe
( )
( )
]
]
]
]
]
0
Find
2
( )
9.77 deg
x asin
Pm1
Pmax
|
.
`
,
:
x 8.949deg
Remember
0
8.13 deg :
EAC
Equal Area Criterion-Small change in mechanical power
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 78
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
1
2
3
The infinite bus receives 1 pu real power at 0.95 power
factor lagging
A fault at bus 3 is cleared by opening lines from 1-3 and 2-3
when the generator power angle Reaches 40 deg.
Is the system first swing stable?
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 79
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Example 2
1
2
3
+
V
-
Zt
jXd` Z1
Z2
Z3
+
E`
-
I
I
+
Vt
-
S
3
2
1
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 80
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Example 2
+
V
-
Zt
jXd` Z1
Z2
Z3
+
E`
-
I
I
+
Vt
-
S
3
2
1
Data (Resistances are zero)
Xd=0.3 Zt=j0.1 Z1=Z3=j0.2 Z2=j0.1 V=1 pu
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 81
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Example 2
+
V
-
Zt jXd` Z1
Z2 Z3
+
E`
-
I
I
+
Vt
-
S
3
2
1
1. Initial
S=(1/0.95)/acos(0.95) I=(S/V)
*
= 1.05/-18.2
o
Xeq= (Xd+Xt)+X1||(X2+X3)=0.52 pu
E/ = V + jXeq I =1.28/23.95
o
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 82
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
2. Events
Prefault Steady State
Fault three phase fault at bus 3
Post fault Line 2-3 1-3 open
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 83
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
3a. Pre-fault Power Angle curve
+
V
-
Zt jXd` Z1
Z2 Z3
+
E`
-
I
I
+
Vt
-
S
3
2
1
Xeq= (Xd+Xt)+X1||(X2+X3)=0.52 pu
E/ = V + jXeq I =1.28/23.95
o
V=1/0
Pe = E V sin /Xeq = 2.46 sin
Note = 23.95
o
Pe=1
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 84
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
3b. During-fault Power Angle curve
+
V
-
Zt jXd` Z1
Z2 Z3
+
E`
-
I
I
+
Vt
-
S
3
2
1
Zth
jXd`
+
E`
-
I
+
Vt
-
1
+
Vth
-
Zt
Vth=0.33 V
Zth= j 0.066
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 85
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
3c. During-fault Power Angle curve
Zth
jXd`
+
E`
-
I
+
Vt
-
1
+
Vth
-
Zt
Vth=0.33 V
Zth= j 0.066
Xd =0.2
Zt=0.2
Xeq=0.466
Pe = E V sin /Xeq = 0.915 sin
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 86
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
3c. Post Fault Line 1-3 2-3 out
+
V
-
Zt jXd` Z1
+
E`
-
I
I
+
Vt
-
S
3
2
1
Pe = E V sin /Xeq = 2.14 sin
Xeq= .2+.2+.2
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 87
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Pm
Pe
P
o
4. Trajectories and ares
m
cl
Acceleration
Deceleration
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 88
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Pm
Pe
P
o
m
cl
0 ]d ) sin( 14 . 2 [Pm ]d ) sin( 915 . 0 [Pm
m
cl
cl
0
+
Apply EAC
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 89
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + : Error 0.056
o 23.95deg : cl 40deg : m 55deg :
Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + : Error 5.245 10
3
o 23.95deg : cl 40deg : m 56deg :
Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + : Error 0.019
Solve by trial and error Want Error ~0
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 90
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Pm
Pe
P
o
m
cl
23.95 40 55
55
40
24
Rotor swings to 55 degrees then swings back- STABLE
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 91
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Basic Question
How Quickly can the fault be cleared
Relay Time
Breaker Operation
Arc Extinction
If breaker fails then Backup operates >10 ~
Leads to notion of critical clearing time more the better
3-5~
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 92
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault with delayed clearing
o 23.95deg : cl 120deg : m 125deg :
Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + : Error 0.312
o 23.95deg : cl 120deg : m o :
Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + : Error 0.126
o 23.95deg : cl 120deg : m 180deg :
Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + : Error 0.36
Fault cleared when rotor angle is 120 deg no solution
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 93
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault
Pm
Pe
P
o
m
cl
23.95 40 55
156
120
24
Rotor swings past 156 degrees UN STABLE
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 94
Equal Area Criterion
Example 2-Fault-Critical clearing angle
For stability m < - 1; solve for cl
Error 5.46 10
3
Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + :
m 1 : cl 113.9 deg : o 23.95 deg :
Error 0.278 Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + :
m 1 : cl 100deg : o 23.95 deg :
Error 0.122 Error
o
cl
1 .915 sin
( )
( )
d
cl
m
1 2.14 sin
( )
( )
d + :
m 1 : cl 120deg : o 23.95 deg :
1 27.859 deg 1 asin
1
2.14
|
.
`
,
:
The maximum allowable
P
0 1
m=- 1 cl=112.9
23.95
156
112
24
Rotor swings past 156 degrees UN STABLE
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 96
Summary Equal Area
Criterion
For simple systems
-1 machine infinite bus
-2 machines
Provides convenient way to determine first
swing stability
For 2 points on the P- curve that have equal
speed
Accelerating are= Decelerating area
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 97
Summary Equal Area
Criterion
1 machine to infinite bus
-
Machine must return to synchronous
speed
-
EAC indicates stable or unstable
Introduced notion of critical clearing
10/10/06 EE543 Lecture 1 (Ranade) 98
Next
Critical Clearing Angle v. Critical Clearing
Time See example 13.8
Numerical Solution
Multimachine System