1. What is modulation?
1. What is modulation?
Modulation is the process of putting information onto a high frequency carrier for transmission (frequency translation).
Once this information is received, the low frequency information must be removed from the high frequency carrier. This process is known as Demodulation.
M1(f)
M(f)
f 0
Multiplexed signal
+ M2(f)
0 f1 f2
f 0
2. Practicality of Antennas
4. Digital modulation Examples: Pulse Code Modulation, Delta Modulation,Adaptive Delta Modulation
Note
The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BAM = 2B.
Note
The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + )B.
Note
The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined from the bandwidth and maximum amplitude of the modulating signal: BPM = 2(1 + )B.
2.
3. 4.
s m ( t ) ! A m cos [ m t
s (t ) ! ?Ac sm (t )Acos([ c t )
4 By substitution
A ! Ac
s (t ) ! Ac (1 m cos([ mt )) cos([ c t )
cos A cos B ! 1 / 2[cos( A B ) cos( A B )]
mAc mAc s(t ) ! Ac (cos[ct ) cos([c [m )t cos([c [m )t 2 2
7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM signal and calculate the Bandwidth
7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM signal and calculate the Bandwidth
fc-fm
fC 2fm
fc+fm
fc-fm
fc
fc+fm
Because of the two side bands in the frequency spectrum its often called Double Sideband with Large Carrier.(DSBLC)
The information in the base band (information) signal is duplicated in the LSB and USB and the carrier conveys no information.
Example
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 KHz. What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal using AM?
Example
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 KHz. What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal using AM?
Solution
An AM signal requires twice the bandwidth of the original signal: BW = 2 x 5 KHz = 10 KHz
AM Radio Band
Modulation Index (m) 9. What is the significance of modulation index ? m is merely defined as a parameter, which determines the
amount of modulation. What is the degree of modulation required to establish a desirable AM communication link? Answer is to maintain m<1.0 (m<100%). This is important for successful retrieval of the original transmitted information at the receiver end.
If the amplitude of the modulating signal is higher than the carrier amplitude, which in turn implies the modulation index . m u 1.0(100%) This will cause severe distortion to the
modulated signal.
In terms of power efficiency, for m=1 modulation, only 33% power efficiency is achieved which tells us that only one-third of the transmitted power carries the useful information.
11. Derive the Frequency Spectrum for Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation (DSB-SC) 1 Consider the carrier
sm (t ) ! Am cos [ mt
where [ m ! 2Tf m
m m
sc (t ) ! Ac cos [ c t
sm (t ) ! Am cos [ mt
s (t ) ! Ac cos([ c t ) Am cos([ m t )
fc-fm
fc
fc+fm
All the transmitted power is contained in the two sidebands (no carrier present). The bandwidth is twice the modulating signal bandwidth. USB displays the positive components of sm(t) and LSB displays the negative components of sm(t).
BALANCED MODULATOR
Sm(t) AM Modulator 1 Sm(t) Accos([ct) Carrier Accos([ct) AM Modulator 2 -Sm(t) S2(t) DSB-SC S(t) S1(t)
The two modulators are identical except for the sign reversal of the input to one of them. Thus,
Since the carrier is suppressed the envelope no longer represents the modulating signal and hence envelope detector which is of the non-coherent type cannot be used.
v (t ) ! s (t ) cos([ ct ) ! ?2mAc cos([ m t ) cos([ ct )Acos([ c t ) Am Ac cos([ m t ) cos 2 ([ c t ) !2 Ac 1 cos 2[ ct ! 2 Am cos([ m t ) 2 ! Am cos([ mt ) Am cos([ m t ) cos(2[ ct ) since sm (t ) ! Am cos([ m t ) ! sm(t) sm(t ) cos ( 2[ c t)
n anted term(removed by )
It is necessary to have synchronization in both frequency and phase between the transmitter (modulator) & receiver (demodulator), when DSB-SC modulation ,which is of the coherent type, is used. Both phase and frequency must be known to demodulate DSB-SC waveforms.
(t ) ! sm (t ) cos c t [
S S
Ac
if U is unknown,
v (t ) ! s
(t ) cos [ ct
Ac vo (t ) ! sm (t ) cos U 2
Ac vo (t ) ! sm (t ) 2
Due to lack of phase synchronization, we will see that the wanted signal at the output of LPF will be attenuated by an amount of cosU. In other words, phase error causes an attenuation of the output signal proportional to the cosine of the phase error. The worst scenario is when U=T/2, which will give rise to zero or no output at the output of the LPF.
LACK OF FREQUENCY SYNCHRONISATION Suppose that the local oscillator is not stable at fc but at fc+( f, then v(t ) ! s S S (t ) cos c ([ t [
! Ac sm (t ) cos [ ct cos c ([ t [
Ac vo (t ) ! sm (t ) cos ([t 2
Thus, the recovered baseband information signal will vary sinusoidal according to cos ( [t
This problem can be overcome by adding an extra synchronization circuitry which is required to detect U and ( [t and by providing the carrier signal to the receiver. A synchronizer is introduced to curb the synchronization problem exhibited in a coherent system. Let the baseband signal be
sm (t ) ! Am cos [ m t
Received DSB-SC signal
s (t ) ! Ac sm (t ) cos [ ct
SYNCHRONISER
( )2 PLL BPF z2
Output of BPF
2 Ac2 Am cos 2[ c t 4
k cos [ c t
DISADVANTAGE OF USING COHERENT SYSTEMS The frequency and phase of the local oscillator signal must be very precise which is very difficult to achieve. It requires additional circuitry such as synchronizer circuit and hence the cost is higher.
How to generate SSB signal? Generate DSB-SC signal Band-pass filter to pass only one of the sideband and suppress the other. For the generation of an SSB modulated signal to be possible, the message spectrum must have an energy gap centered at the origin.
Example of signal with -300 Hz ~ 300 Hz energy gap Voice : A band of 300 to 3100 Hz gives good articulation Also required for SSB modulation is a highly selective filter
Full AM (or DSB-LC) Sidebands are transmitted in full with the carrier. Simple to demodulate / detect Poor power efficiency Wide bandwidth ( twice the bandwidth of the information signal) Used in commercial AM radio broadcasting, one transmitter and many receivers.
DSB-SC - Less transmitted power than full AM and all the transmitted power is useful. - Requires a coherent carrier at the receiver; This results in increased complexity in the detector(i.e. synchroniser) - Suited for point to point communication involving one transmitter and one receiver which would justify the use of increased receiver complexity.
SSB Good bandwidth utilization (message signal bandwidth = modulated signal bandwidth) Good power efficiency Demodulation is harder as compares to full AM; Exact filter design and coherent demodulation are required Preferred in long distance transmission of voice signals
VSB Offers a compromise between SSB and DSB-SC VSB is standard for transmission of TV and similar signals Bandwidth saving can be significant if modulating signals are of large bandwidth as in TV and wide band data signals. For example with TV the bandwidth of the modulating signal can extend up to 5.5MHz; with full AM the bandwidth required is 11MHz