Ch7 dc-dc Switch-mode converters

7-1 introduction 7-2 control of dc-dc converters 7-3 step-down (buck) converter 7-4 step-up (boost) converter 7-5 buck-boost converter
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7-1 introduction
 Switch-mode dc-dc converters are used to convert the unregulated dc input into a controlled dc output at a desired voltage level.  Functional block diagram:

 Classification:
1) step-down (buck) converter 2) step-up (boost) converter 3) step-down/step-up (buck-boost) converter 4) cuk converter 5) full-bridge converter Only the step-down and the step-up are the basic converter topologies.
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 1) 2) 3)

Assume that that: the converters are analyzed in steady state; the switches are ideal; the losses in the inductive and the capacitive elements are neglected; 4) the dc input voltage has zero internal impedance.

7-2 Control of dc-dc converters dc Switch-mode dc-dc converters utilize one or more switches to transform dc from one level to another. In a dc-dc converter with a given input voltage, the average output voltage is controlled by controlling the switch on and off durations( ton and toff ).

 A simple approach that shows the evolution:

ton Vo ! Vd Ts
 Stepping down a dc voltage.
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 The methods for controlling the output voltage:

Keeping a constant frequency of the switch (i.e. a constant switching time period Ts=ton +toff ), and adjusting the on duration of the switch to control Vopulse width modulation (PWM). where, switch duty ratio D ,which is defined as the ratio of the on duration to the switching time period, is varied. Adjusting both the switching frequency and the on duration of the switch. keeping the on duration of the switch constant, and adjusting the switching frequency.
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Pulse-Width Modulation in DC-DC Converters

The switch control signal; The control voltage signal; The switch frequency; When Vcontrol>Vst, ton; when Vcontrol<Vst, toff;

ton D! ! Ts

control st

7-3 step-down (buck) converter step The main application is in regulated dc power supplies and dc motor speed control. The foregoing circuit (fig. 7-2) has two drawbacks: 1) in practice the load would be inductive; 2) the output voltage fluctuates between zero and Vd. Usually, we use a low-pass filter, consisting of an inductor and a capacitor, to diminish the fluctuations, shown in fig.7-4.

1) Circuit configuration:
Switch, diode, L and C
Assume: Vd is ideal; L and C are large enough;

2) Fundamental analysis:
When ton: switch is on; D off; L energy storage; iL increase. When toff: D on; L release energy;
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3) continuous-conduction mode: iL(t)>0

Analysis: In steady-state, inductor current flows continuously.

(Vd  Vo )ton ! Vo ( s  t on ) or : Vo ton ! !D Vd s Vo ! DVd

Neglecting power losses,

Pd ! Po Vd I d ! Vo I o Io 1 ! Id D

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4) Boundary between cont./ discont. conduction

I LB !

Ts V T t 1 i L m ax ! on (V d  V o ) ! (V d  V o ) ! d s 2 2L 2L 2L

(1 

) ! I oB

When D=1/2,

I LB max !

Vd Ts 8L

So,

I LB ! 4 I LB max D(1  D)
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5) Discontinuous-conduction mode----Vd constant

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(Vd  Vo ) Ts  (Vo )(1Ts ! 0 Vo @ ! Vd  (1

Vo Q iLpeak ! (1 s L D  (1 I 0 ! iLpeak 2 Io @(1 ! 4 I LB max D Vo D2 @ ! Vd D 2  1 ( I o ) I LB max 4

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6) Output voltage ripple  In the previous analysis, the output capacitor is assumed to be so large as to yield vo(t)=Vo. However, the ripple in the output voltage with a practical value of capacitance can be calculated.  In a continuous-conduction mode,

Vo (1  D ) VVo ! 8C L
s

In switch-mode dc power supplies, the percentage ripple in the output voltage is usually specified to be less than 1%.
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Based on MATLAB the simulation of step-down converter The curve as follows :

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7-4 step-up (boost) converter

Its main application is in regulated dc power supplies and the regenerative braking of dc motors.
  Output voltage must

be greater than the input.

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1) Fundamental analysis: When the switch is on: the diode is reversed biased, L energy storage ; When the switch is off: the diode is on, the output stage receives energy from the inductor as well as from the input. The output filter capacitor is assumed to be very large.
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2) continuous-conduction mode iL(t)>0

Analysis:
In steady-state, inductor current flows continuously; and the time integral of the inductor voltage over one time period must be zero. Vd ton  (Vd  Vo )toff ! 0
Vo 1 ! s ! Vd toff 1  D
@Vo !

Vd 1 D

Neglecting power losses,

Pd ! Po Vd I d ! Vo I o Io ! (1  D ) Id

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3) Boundary between cont./ discont. conduction

 The output voltage is held constant. 

t Ts TV 1 I LB ! iL , peak ! on Vd ! Vo (1  ) ! s o 2 2L 2L 2L
I LB max ! TsVo 8L
So,

(1  )

When D=1/2,

I LB ! 4 I LB max D(1  D)
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 in

a step-up converter, id=iL

I oB ! (1  ) I dB ! (1  ) I LB
I oB TsVo ! 2L (1  ) 2
TsVo 2 TsVo ! ! 0.074 27 L L
Io ! (1  ) Id

When D=1/3,

I oB max

I oB

27 ! D (1  D )2 I oB ,max 4
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4) Discontinuous-conduction mode----Vd constant

 often occurs at light loads

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Vd DTs  (Vd  Vo ) (1Ts ! 0 Vo (1  D so, ! (1 Vd

Io (1 ! I d (1  (Q Pd ! Po )

and , I d ! I L !

iL , peak 2

(  (1 )

Vd Ts (  (1 ) so, I d ! 2L TsVd Io ! ( ) (1 2L
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5) Output voltage ripple  In a continuous-conduction mode, the peak-peak voltage ripple is :

VVo ! VQ ! I oton Vo ! R Ts

Ts VVo @ ! Vo R

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Based on MATLAB the simulation of step-up converter The curve as follows:

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7-5 Buck-Boost converter

 The main application of a buck-boost converter is in regulated dc power supplies, where a negative polarity output may be desired, and the output voltage can be either higher or lower than the input voltage.  A buck-boost converter can be obtained by the cascade connection of the two basic converters: buck converter and boost converter.

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1) Circuit configuration: Switch, diode, L and C 2) Fundamental analysis: When ton: switch is on; D off; L energy storage; iL increase. When toff: D on; L release energy;
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3) continuous-conduction mode: iL(t)>0 Analysis: In steady-state, inductor current flows continuously.

Vd ton  ( Vo )toff ! 0 Vo ton D @ ! ! Vd toff 1  D

When 0<D<1/2, Vo<Vd; When 1/2<D<1, Vo>Vd. Neglecting losses,
Pd ! Po Vd I d ! Vo I o Io 1 ! Id
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4) Boundary between cont./ discont. conduction

I LB

Vd ton TsVd 1 ! iL , peak ! ! 2 2L 2L

I LB max TsVo ! 2L
So,

TsVo ! (1  ) 2L
I LB ! I LB max (1  D )
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When D=0,

 In buck-boost converter, Io=IL-Id

I oB ! I LB  I dB ! I LB (1  )
so, I oB TsVo ! (1  ) 2 2L
TsVo ! 2L

Io 1  D ! Id D

When D=0,

I oB max

I oB ! I oB max (1  ) 2
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5) Discontinuous-conduction mode----Vd constant

Vd Ts  (Vo )(1Ts ! 0 Vo so, ! Vd (1
I o (1 ! (Q Pd ! Po ) Id D

Vd and , I L ! DTs ( D  (1 ) 2L

Vo Vd

Io I oB max
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6) Output voltage ripple  In a continuous-conduction mode, the peakpeak voltage ripple is :

VQ I o ton Vo DTs VVo ! ! ! C C C

VVo DTs @ ! Vo RC

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Homework
1. P197 7-2 2. P197~198 7-7, 7-12

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