Anesthesia meaning

 Anesthesia, or anaesthesia from Greek

-, an-, "without"; and, aisth sis, "sensation"), meant the condition of having sensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked or temporarily taken away & allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without pain they would otherwise experience.  The word was coined by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. in 1846. Another definition is a "reversible lack of awareness," whether this is a total lack of awareness (e.g. a general anesthetic) or a lack of awareness of a part of the body such as a spinal anesthetic or another nerve block would cause
.

Hist ry
 Herbal derivatives  The first anesthesia (a herbal remedy) was administered in prehistory. Opium poppy capsules were collected in 4200 BC  In the Americas coca was also an important anesthetic used  Alcohol was also used,  narcotic-soaked sponges.  Non-pharmacological methods  Hypnotism have a long history of use as anesthetic techniques.  Chilling tissue (e.g. with ice) can temporarily cause nerve fibers (axons) to stop conducting sensation.

TYPES OF ANESTHESIA
 local anesthesia: specific location of the body is

numbed, such as the handminor procedures. You may stay awake during the procedure,  regional anesthesia :numbs a larger area of the body  general anesthesia:describes unconsciousness and lack of any awareness or sensation you are completely unaware and do not feel pain during the surgery

Anesthesia Providers
y nurses specializing in the provision of anesthesia care are

known as Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists y doctors who specialize in anesthesiology are called anesthesiologists y anesthesiologist assistants (AAs) are graduate-level trained specialists

Anaestesia machine

The anaesthetic machine (or anesthesia machine in America) is used by anesthesiologists and Nurse anesthetists to support the administration of anaesthesia. The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use in the developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine, which is designed to provide an accurate and continuous supply of medical gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide), mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as isoflurane), and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure and flow. Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and patient-monitoring devices.

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A modern machine typically includes the following components:

 reserve gas cylinders of oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide attached  pressure gauges, regulators and 'pop-off' valves, to protect the

machine components and patient from high-pressure gases .  flow meters (rotameters) for oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide, which are used by the anaesthesiologist to provide accurate mixtures of medical gases to the patient. Flow meters are typically pneumatic, but increasingly electromagnetic digital flow meters are being used.  one or more anaesthetic vaporisers to accurately add volatile anaesthetics to the fresh gas flow  a ventilator  physiological monitors to monitor the patient's heart rate, ECG, non-invasive blood pressure and oxygen saturation (additional monitors are generally available to monitor end-tidal CO2, temperature, arterial blood pressure central venous pressure, etc.).  In addition, the composition of the gases delivered to the patient (and breathed out) is monitored continuously.

y a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) with or without

bacteria-viral filter (HMEF). y scavenging system to remove expired anaesthetic gases from the operating room. y suction apparatus y anaesthesia face mask

Safety features of modern machines

y oxygen failure alarm y nitrous cut-off: the flow of medical nitrous-oxide is

dependent on oxygen pressure. This is done at the regulator level y battery backup, hypoxic-mixture alarm, ventilator alarms

Global Products Corporation

y Trolly made by tublar riged stainless steel *drawer for keeping y y

y y

anaesthesia kit * *Small roller bearings, antistatic castors,for easy mobility and brakes *Top tray provided at eye level for keeping monitoring equipments *Hook for breathing circuit *Unitised rota meter block for oxygen & nitrous oxide with fine adjustment controls.& colour coated knob and luminous back plate. Oxygen flow meter calibrated from 100cc/min to 10 Ltrs/Min & nitrous oxide flow meter from 200cc/min to12 Ltrs/min down Stream receipt of oxygen *Non return cum emergency oxygen unit with blow off valve in circuit ensures that pressure does not build-up beyond 200cm. water column & minimize risk of back flow of gases. *Cylinder yokes: Pin indexed yokes one each of oxygen & nitrous oxide more...

Bharat Surgical Company

y y Designed to provide an accurate and continuous

supply of medical gases to patients . y Moreover, our range is incorporated with a ventilator, suction unit and patient-monitoring devices

Ajay Medicare

Rajas Enterprises,

ABC Sons Surgical House

Meditech Private Limited

Brachytherapy
y Brachytherapy ( Greek word brachy, means "short-

distance"), y internal radiotherapy, sealed source radiotherapy, curietherapy or endocurietherapy, y Is a form of radiotherapy where a radiation source(Is0tope) is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment.

History
y Brachytherapy dates back to 1901 when Pierre Curie

suggested to Henri-Alexandre Danlos that a radioactive source could be inserted into a tumour.It was found that the radiation caused the tumour to shrink.

Types
y Source placement; interstitial and contact

y Dose rate; Low-dose rate(LDR) , Medium-dose rate (MDR)

,High-dose rate (HDR,

y Duration of dose delivery; Temporary &Permanent

brachytherapy,

Procedure
y This technique involves the delivery of radiation by

implantation of solid radioactive isotopes, into tissues. Examples include implantation of Iridium-192 wire into tumours,and Iodine-125 seed implantation. These radioactive implants mainly emit beta-particles (electrons). .

Radiation source
y Caesium-137 (137Cs) y Cobalt-60 (60Co) y Iridium-192 (192Ir) y Iodine-125 (125I) y Palladium-103 (103Pd) y Ruthenium-106 (106Ru)

USE
y Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective

treatment for cervical, prostate, breast,and skin cancer and can also be used to treat tumours in many other body sites. y Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) and chemotherapy.

key feature
y Brachytherapy is that the irradiation only affects a very

localized area around the radiation sources. y In addition, if the patient moves or if there is any movement of the tumour within the body during treatment, the radiation sources retain their correct position in relation to the tumour. y A course of brachytherapy can be completed in less time than other radiotherapy techniques y Is associated with a low risk of serious adverse side effects.

Side effects of radiotherapy

y the side effects of radiotherapy are specific to the sites that are being treated & increases with increasing duration of treatment, appear 14 days after commencement of treatment and depend on dose, site and volume of treatment. y Some of these include: y Acute nausea and vomiting; y Myelosuppression; y Inflammatory responses in irradiated tissues (e.g. mucositis, cystitis, proctitis); y Diarrhoea; y Lethargy

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