Periode 2009-2010
Lectures : Senin 19:00-21:30 K-204 Selasa 10:00-12:30 K-106 Kamis 10:00-12:30 K-210
Sbl Mid Test Pak Sukirno Stl Mid Test Pak Diyan S
Tutorials : Asisten
Assessment
Nilai = Nilai P.Kirno x 50% + Nilai P.Diyan x 50%
Pak Kirno 50% 25% : MidTest (2 jam) 10% : Kuis selama kelas/tutorial 15% : Tugas
Books
Noel de Nevers Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineer, Second Ed. Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering, Vol 1, 5e (1996) Butterworth-Heinemann
PENDAHULUAN
FLUIDA STATIK
Pressure, Pascals Principle,Gravity and fluid pressure, Measurement of pressure, Archimedes Principle
Fluid Mechanics
Definition
The study of liquids and gasses at rest (statics) and in motion (dynamics)
Engineering applications
Oil /process fluid in pipelines Pumps, filters, rivers, etc Groundwater movement Blood in capillaries
Industrial application
Pump
Process/Resistance
HYDRAULICS : the flow of water in rivers, pipes, canals, pump, turbines HYDROLOGY : the flow of water in the ground RESERVOIR MECHANICS : the flow of oil, gas and water in petroleum reservoir AERODYNAMICS : the flow of air around aeroplanes, rocket projectils METEOROLOGY : the flow of the atmosfeer PARTICLE DYNAMICS : the flow of fluid around particles (dust settling, slurry, pneumatic transfort, fluidized be, air pollutant particles) MULTIPLEPHASE FLOW oil well, carburetirs, fuel injector, combustion chamber, sprays. COMBINATION OF FLUID FLOW with chemical reaction in combustion chamber, with mass transfer di distillation or drying VISCOUS DOMINATED FLOW; lubrication, injection molding, wire coating, volcanoes, continental drift
What is a Fluid?
a substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing forces however small. unable to retain any unsupported shape; it takes up the shape of any enclosing container. ... we assume it behaves as a continuum
Free Surface
Expands
Liquid
Liquids: Close packed, Gas strong cohesive forces, Gasses: Widely spaced, retains volume, has free weak cohesive forces, surface free to expand
Relatively easy to compress
Almost incompressible
Common Fluids
Liquids:
water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol air, helium, hydrogen, steam jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint, pitch
Gasses:
Borderline:
Density
The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is denoted by the Greek symbol, . kg m3
kgm-3
=m V
wter a a ir
= 998 kgm-3
=1.2kgm-
If the density is constant (most liquids), the flow is incompressible. If the density varies significantly (eg some gas flows), the flow is compressible.
(Although gases are easy to compress, the flow may be treated as incompressible if there are no large pressure fluctuations)
Density
Density (kg/m3)
Densities of gasses increase with pressure Densities of liquids are nearly constant (incompressible) for constant temperature Specific volume = 1/density
Specific Weight
= g
[ N / m 3 ] or [lbf / ft 3 ]
wte ar
= (998 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s) [= 62.4 lbf/ft3] = (1.205 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s) [= 0.0752 lbf/ft3]
= 9790 N/m3
a ir
= 11.8 N/m3
Specific Gravity
liquid
9790 kg / m 3
gas
1.205 kg / m 3
States of Matter
a fluid, such as water or air, deforms continuously when acted on by shearing stresses of any magnitude. - Munson, Young, Okiishi
F b
Av F = b
F = A
Shear Stress
F v = A b
=
=
v b
dv dy
v b
1 s
Rate of deformation
rate of shear
F v
vb b z
Absolute Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity
Shear stess (dyne/cm2 ) Shear strain rate (s-1 )
F vb
A b
Dyne-s/cm2=Poise N-s/m2=103 cP
N s 2 m
ssds
Fluid Viscosity
______________________
Fundamental mechanisms
increases Viscosity decreases as temperature increases. Relatively independent of pressure (incompressible) _______
Role of Viscosity
Statics
Fluids at rest have no relative motion between layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0 Therefore the shear stress is _____ and is zero independent of the fluid viscosity Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid is moving
Flows
PV = nRT
Ev =
dp dV V
Ev =
dp d
2.35
2.30 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (C)
Water
a=
Ev
speed of sound
Vapor Pressure
8000
liquid
What is vapor pressure of water at 100C? 101 kPa Connection forward to cavitation!
Surface Tension
0.080 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (C)
2 p = R Surface molecules
p R2 2 R p R2 = 2 R
Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa) between the inside and outside of a bubble of air in 20C water. The air bubble is 0.3 mm in diameter. 2( 0.073 N/m ) p= 2 = 0.073 N/m 0.15 103 m p= R R = 0.15 x 10-3 m
p =970 Pa p = h
Statics!
h=
974 Pa
= 0.1 m water
Pr t = 8 LV
4
P = Pressure difference across capiller R = Radius of capiller L = Length od capiller V = Volume fluida = Viscosity
1
V
g (z )Do4 = 128 x Q
=
g (z )Do4 t 128 x V
(Poiseuille Eq.)
= k t
2
=k t
ROTARY VISCOMETER
Solution Scheme
Restate the goal Identify the given parameters and represent the parameters using symbols Outline your solution including the equations describing the physical constraints and any simplifying assumptions Solve for the unknown symbolically Substitute numerical values with units and do the arithmetic
olutio
Restate the goal Identify the given parameters and represent the parameters using symbols Outline your solution including the equations describing the physical constraints and any simplifying assumptions
= 1.16x10 N s/m
-3
U= r A = 2 r
h
P = F r
Pt 2 2 r 3h
r = 5 cm t = 2 mm h = 10 cm P = 50 x 10-6 W 10 rpm
The dimensions have to be the same for each term in an equation Dimensions of mechanics are L length T time M mass F = ma MLT-2 force temperature
fluid These are _______ properties! 4 How many independent properties? _____
Units
kg, m, s, oK (Systeme International) slug, ft, s, oR (British Gravitational) lbm, ft, s, oR (something else)
Whats a SLUG?!
Unit of mass in the BG system (~ 14.59 kg, ~32.17 lbm) 1 lbf will accelerate a slug 1ft/s2 32.17 lb/14.59 kg = 2.2 lbm/kg
Secondary Units
F = ma ML 2 = T
[ M ]
L 2 T
Force N = kg-m/s2 (Newton) lbf = slug-ft/s2 (pound force) = 32.2 lbm-ft/s2 Work (Force through a distance) J = N-m (Joule) ft-lbf (foot pound) Energy (Work per time) W = J/s (Watt) ft-lbf/s (foot pound per sec) hp 550 ft-lb/s (horsepower)
Engineering
W = mg /gc.
Conversion of Units
MEKANIKA FLUIDA
Tujuan Pengajaran
Memahami fenomena/konsepnya dan mampu mengaplikasikan PERSAMAAN DASAR fluida statik maupun fluida mengalir, untuk mendapatkan solusi persoalan praktis, yang sering dijumpai dalam enjinering terutama yang berkaitan dengan operasi teknik kimia seperti transportasi fluida, pengontakkan fluida-padatan, pemisahan fluida padatan.