Appreciation program in Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

When to use GD&T

When drawing and its interpretation must be same When features are critical to function or interchangeability When it is important to avoid scrapping of perfectly good parts When it is important to reduce drawing changes When functional gauging is required When it is important to increase productivity

 Part feature is located (or defined) by means of rectangular dimensions with given tolerances.

CO ORDINATE TOLERANCING SYSTEM

THREE MAJOR SHORTCOMING OF COORDINATE DIMENSIONING

1. Square or rectangular tolerance zones. 2. Fixed-size tolerance zones. 3. Ambiguous instruction for inspection.

1.Square (or illogical )Tolerance Zones.

Diagonally more tolerance (0.707) than vertical and horizontal direction (0.5) More logical and functional approach is to allow same tolerance on all sides, creating cylindrical tolerance zone.

COMPARISION BETWEEN GD&T AND COORDINATE TOLERANCING.

Cylindrical vs. Rectangular Tolerance Zones

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING.

Rectangular Tolerancing

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Geometric Tolerancing

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2.Fixed-Size Tolerance zones

Function of a hole in assembly is , hole location is critical when the hole is at minimum limit (MMC).

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 Co-ordinate tolerancing does not allow for cylindrical tolerance zones and tolerance hole that increase with the hole size, lengthy notes have to be added.

10.5

LMC MMC

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3.AMBIGUOUS INSTRUCTION FOR INSPECTORS

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Different ways to hold the part for inspection, confusion for the inspector which surface to touch the gage equipment first, second and third. Consequence: Good parts could be rejected or, Bad parts could be accepted.

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3 Benefits of GD & T
A. Cylindrical tolerance zones. B. Maximum Material Condition. C. Datums specified in order of precedence.

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COORDINATE DIMENSIONING USAGE

Type of dimension Size Chamfer Radius Locating part feature Controlling angular relationships Defining the form of part feature Appropriate use
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Poor use

Symbols, Terms, of GD&T

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Symbols of GD & T
Geometric characteristic symbols are a set of fourteen Symbols used in the language of geometric tolerancing. The symbols are divided into five categories: Form Profile Orientation Location Runout
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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FEATURES
A feature is a general term applied to a physical portion of part, such as a surface, hole or slots,tabs. An easy way to remember this term is to think of a feature as a part surface.

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FEATURES

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FEATURE OF SIZE
This is one cylindrical or spherical surface, or set of two opposed elements or parallel surfaces associated with size dimension which has an axis, center line or center plane contained within it. Features of size are features, which do have diameter or thickness. These may be cylinders, such as shafts and holes. They may also be slots, rectangular or flat parts, where two parallel flat surfaces are considered to form a single feature.
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How many feature of size are there?

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FEATURE OF SIZE

NON FEATURE OF SIZE

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EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FOS

External FOS are comprised of part surfaces that are external surfaces.
Like shaft diameter or width height of a planner surfaces. and

Internal FOS is comprised of part surfaces (or elements) that are internal part surfaces.
like hole diameter or the width of a slot.
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Example:

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ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE = PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART. The Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an external feature of size is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest size that can be circumscribed about the feature so it just contacts the surfaces at the highest points with in the tolerance zone.
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Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an external FOS

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ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE = PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART

The actual mating envelope (AME) of an internal feature of size is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the largest size that can be inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the surfaces at their highest points with in the tolerance zone.
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Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal FOS

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Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal FOS

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MATERIAL CONDITIONS
A geometric tolerance can be specified to apply at the largest size, smallest size or actual size of a feature of size. Maximum Material Condition (MMC) Maximum material condition is the condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size.
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MMC of external Feature Of Size MMC

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LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC)

Least material condition is the condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size .
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION

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Regardless of feature size (RFS)

Regardless of feature size is the term that indicates a geometric tolerance applies at any increment of size of the feature within its size tolerance. NO Bonus tolerance RFS applied only to size features, such as hole, shafts, pins, etc.; feature which have an axis, centerplane or centerline. Symbol : S
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Material Condition Usage

Each material condition is used for different functional reasons. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at MMC when the function of a FOS is assembly. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at LMC to insure a minimum distance on a part. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at RFS to insure symmetrical 37 relationships.

MODIFIERS

Modifiers communicate additional information about the drawing or Tolerancing of a part. There are nine common modifiers used in geometric tolerancing.

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Eight modifiers

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PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE

Symbol: P The projected tolerance zone modifier changes the location of the tolerance zone on the part. It projects the tolerance zone above the part surface. Height of the projected tolerance zone should be equal to the max. thickness of the mating part.

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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH A PROJECTED TOLERENCE ZONE SYMBOL

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Using a Projected Tolerance Zone

A projected tolerance zone is a tolerance zone that is projected above the part surface. A projected tolerance zone modifier is specified as P

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TANGENT PLANE MODIFIER

The tangent plane modifier denotes that only the tangent plane of the toleranced surface needs to be within this tolerance zone.

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DIAMETER MODIFIER ( )

The diameter symbol is used two ways: inside a feature control frame as a modifier to denote the shape of the tolerance zone, or outside the feature control frame to simply replace the word "diameter.

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 Inside the feature control frame

Outside the feature control frame 45

Reference Modifier Example:

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RADIUS MODIFIER (R)

Arcs are dimensioned with radius symbol on drawings. A radius is a straight line extending from the center of an arc or a circle to its surface. The Symbol for a radius is "R. When the "R" symbol is used, it creates a zone defined by two arcs. The part surface must lie within this zone. The part surface may have flats or reversals within the tolerance zone.
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Radius modifier

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Controlled Radius (CR)

The symbol for a controlled radius is "CR. it creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs. The part surface must be within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone and be an arc without flats or reversals.

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CONTROL RADIUS

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DATUM IDENTIFYING LETTER

DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL

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DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON A FEATURE SURFACE AND AN EXTENSION LINE 52

PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS 53 ON FEATURES OF SIZE

PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL IN 54 CONJUNCTION WITH A FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

DATUM TARGET SYMBOL

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BASIC DIMESNSION SYMBOL

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BETWEEN SYMBOL
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COUNTERBORE OR SPOTFACE SYMBOL

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COUNTERSINK SYMBOL
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DEPTH SYMBOL
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SYMBOL FOR ALL AROUND

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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

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Feature Control Frame

Geometric tolerances are specified on a drawing through the use of a feature control frame.

Symbol of Geometric Tol.

Zone of Tolerance

P.D

S.D

T.D

W or w/o zone Modifier

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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME INCORPORATING A DATUM REFERENCE 64 SYMBOL

Feature Control Frame

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ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF DATUM 66 REFERENCE

COMBINED FEATURE CONTROL FRAME AND DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL

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Thank You

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Exercises: 1.A slot is an . Size.

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Exercises: 1.A slot is an Internal Feature of Size. 2. The surface of a rectangular plate is a

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2. The surface of a rectangular plate is a feature. 3. The tangent plane modifier is specified for

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3. The tangent plane modifier is specified for parallelism. 4.The projected tolerance modifier is generally applied to holes.

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4.The projected tolerance modifier is generally applied to tapped holes. 5.. Dimension is a numerical value used to describe theoretically exact size, true profile, orientation,or location of a feature.

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5. Basic Dimension is a numerical value used to describe theoretically exact size, true profile, orientation,or location of a feature. 6.A . .. is a part feature that exists on the part & contacts a datum.

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6.A Datum Feature is a part feature that exists on the part & contacts a datum. 7. .. Dimensions should be used to locate datum ... Relative to each other datums on the part.

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7. Datum Dimensions should be used to locate datum Target Points Relative to each other datums on the part. 8. The symbol for Controlled Radius is .

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8. The symbol for Controlled Radius is CR. 9. In ASME Y 14.5M 1998, M stands for

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9. In ASME Y 14.5M 1998, M stands for Metric. 10. Three major disadvantages of Rectangular Tolerance zones are:

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10. Three major disadvantages of Rectangular Tolerance zones are: 1. Square / Rectangular Tolerance zones 2. Fixed Size Tolerance zones 3. Ambiguous instructions for Inspection.

The End of Chapter 2

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