Measurements in Chemistry

Quantity  length  mass  time  current  temperature  amt. substance Unit meter kilogram second ampere Kelvin mole Symbol m kg s A K mol
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Measurements in Chemistry
Metric Prefixes
Name mega kilo deka deci centi Symbol M k da d c Multiplier 106 103 10 10-1 10-2
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Measurements in Chemistry
Metric Prefixes
Name milli micro nano pico femto Symbol m Q n p f Multiplier 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15
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Units of Measurement
Definitions Mass
measure of the quantity of matter in a body

Weight
measure of the gravitational attraction for a body
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Units of Measurement
Common Conversion Factors Length
1 m = 39.37 inches 2.54 cm = 1 inch

Volume
1 liter = 1.06 qt 1 qt = 0.946 liter

See Table 1-8 for more conversion factors

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Use of Numbers
Exact numbers
1 dozen = 12 things

Accuracy
how closely measured values agree with the correct value

Precision
how closely individual measurements agree with each other
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Use of Numbers
Significant figures
digits believed to be correct by the person making the measurement

Measure a mile with a 6 inch ruler vs. surveying equipment Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures
12.000000000000000 = 1 dozen because it is an exact number
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Use of Numbers
Significant Figures - Rules Leading zeroes are never significant
0.000357 has three significant figures

Trailing zeroes may be significant

must specify significance by how the number is written 1300 nails - counted or weighed?

Use scientific notation to remove doubt

2.40 x 103 has ? significant figures
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Use of Numbers
Scientific notation for logarithms
take the log of 2.40 x 103 log(2.40 x 103) = 3.380 How many significant figures?

Imbedded zeroes are always significant

3.0604 has five significant figures

Use of Numbers
Piece of Black Paper with rulers beside the edges
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

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9

Use of Numbers
Piece of Paper Side B enlarged
How long is the paper to the best of your ability to measure it?

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12

13

14

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Use of Numbers
Piece of Paper Side A enlarged
How wide is the paper to the best of your ability to measure it?

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Use of Numbers
Determine the area of the piece of black paper using your measured values. Compare your answer with your classmates.
Where do your answers differ in the numbers?

Significant figures rules for multiplication and division must help us determine where answers would differ.
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Use of Numbers
Multiplication & Division rule
Easier of the two rules Product has the smallest number of significant figures of multipliers

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Use of Numbers
Multiplication & Division rule
Easier of the two rules Product has the smallest number of significant figures of multipliers
4.242 x 1.23 5.21766 round off to 5.22
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Use of Numbers
Multiplication & Division rule
Easier of the two rules Product has the smallest number of significant figures of multipliers
4.242 x 1.23 5.21766 round off to 5.22

2.7832 x 1.4 3.89648 round off to 3.9

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Use of Numbers
Determine the perimeter of the piece of black paper using your measured values. Compare your answer with your classmates.
Where do your answers differ in the numbers?

Significant figures rules for addition and subtraction must help us determine where answers would differ.
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Use of Numbers
Addition & Subtraction rule
More subtle than the multiplication rule Answer contains smallest decimal place of the addends.

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Use of Numbers
Addition & Subtraction rule
More subtle than the multiplication rule Answer contains smallest decimal place of the addends.

3.6923  1.234  2.02 6.9463 round o to 6.95

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Use of Numbers
Addition & Subtraction rule
More subtle than the multiplication rule Answer contains smallest decimal place of the addends.

3.6923  1.234  2.02 6.9463 round o to 6.95

8.7937

 2.123
6.6707 round off to 6.671
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The Unit Factor Method

Simple but important method to get correct answers in word problems. Method to change from one set of units to another. Visual illustration of the idea.

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The Unit Factor Method

Change from a following rules: to a by obeying the

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The Unit Factor Method

Change from a to a by obeying the following rules: 1. Must use colored fractions.

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The Unit Factor Method

Change from a to a by obeying the following rules: 1. Must use colored fractions. 2. The box on top of the fraction must be the same color as the next fractions bottom box.

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The Unit Factor Method

Fractions to choose from

R O O R B O O B B B B B
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The Unit Factor Method

O R R

Fractions to choose from

R O O R B O O B B B B B
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The Unit Factor Method

O R R

B O

Fractions to choose from

R O O R B O O B B B B B
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The Unit Factor Method

O R R

B O

B B B

Fractions to choose from

R O O R B O O B B B B B
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The Unit Factor Method

O R R

B O

B B B

Fractions to choose from

R O O R B O O B B B B B
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The Unit Factor Method

O R R

B O

B B B

Fractions to choose from

R O O R B O O B B B B B
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The Unit Factor Method

O R R

B O

B B B

Fractions to choose from

R O O R B O O B B B B B
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The Unit Factor Method

colored fractions represent unit factors
1 ft = 12 in becomes
1 ft 12 in

or

12 in 1 ft

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The Unit Factor Method

Example 1-1: Express 9.43 yards in millimeters.

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The Unit Factor Method

Example 1-2: Express 627 milliliters in gallons. You do it!

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The Unit Factor Method

Example 1-3: Express 2.61 x 104 cm2 in ft2. Area is two dimensional, thus units must be in squared terms.

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The Unit Factor Method

Example 1-4: Express 2.61 ft3 in cm3. Volume is three dimensional, thus units must be in cubic terms. You do it!

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The Unit Factor Method

Volume is three dimensional thus units must be in cubic terms. Example 1-4: Express 2.61 ft3 in cm3.

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Percentage
Percentage is the parts per hundred of a sample. Example 1-5: A 335 g sample of ore yields 29.5 g of iron. What is the percent of iron in the ore? You do it!

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Density and Specific Gravity

density = mass/volume What is density? Why does ice float in liquid water?

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Density and Specific Gravity

density = mass/volume What is density? Why does ice float in liquid water?

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Density and Specific Gravity

Example 1-6: Calculate the density of a substance if 742 grams of it occupies 97.3 cm3.

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Density and Specific Gravity

Example 1-7: Suppose you need 125 g of a corrosive liquid for a reaction. What volume do you need? (liquids density = 1.32 g/mL) You do it!

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Density and Specific Gravity

density(substance) Specific Gravity ! density(water)
Waters density is essentially 1.00 at room T. Thus the specific gravity of a substance is very nearly equal to its density. Specific gravity has no units.
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Density and Specific Gravity

Example 1-8: A 31.0 gram piece of chromium is dropped into a graduated cylinder that contains 5.00 mL of water. The water level rises to 9.32 mL. What is the specific gravity of chromium? You do it

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Density and Specific Gravity

Example 1-8: A 31.0 gram piece of chromium is dropped into a graduated cylinder that contains 5.00 mL of water. The water level rises to 9.32 mL. What is the specific gravity of chromium?

31.0 g density of Cr ! 4.32 mL g ! 7.17593 7.18 Specific Gravity of Cr ! 1.00

g mL g mL

mL

g } 7.18

mL

! 7.18
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Density and Specific Gravity

Example 1-9: A concentrated hydrochloric acid solution is 36.31% HCl and 63.69% water by mass. The specific gravity of the solution is 1.185. What mass of pure HCl is contained in 175 mL of this solution? You do it!

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Heat and Temperature

Heat and Temperature are not the same thing
T is a measure of the intensity of heat in a body

3 common temperature scales - all use water as a reference

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Heat and Temperature

Heat and Temperature are not the same thing
T is a measure of the intensity of heat in a body

3 common temperature scales - all use water as a reference

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Heat and Temperature

MP water 32 oF 0.0 oC 273 K BP water 212 oF 100 oC 373 K

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

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Relationships of the Three Temperature Scales

Kelvin and Centigrade Relationships K ! C  273 or
o o

C ! K  273

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Relationships of the Three Temperature Scales

Fahrenheit and Centigrade Relationships 180 18 9 ! ! ! 1.8 100 10 5

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Relationships of the Three Temperature Scales

Fahrenheit and Centigrade Relationships 180 18 9 ! ! ! 1.8 100 10 5 o o F ! 1.8 v C  32 or
o

F  32 C! 1.8
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Heat and Temperature

Example 1-10: Convert 211oF to degrees Celsius.

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Heat and Temperature

Example 1-11: Express 548 K in Celsius degrees.

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