BIODIVERSITY

AT GLOBAL , NATIONAL & LOCAL LEVEL

TOPICS TO BE COVERED :
DEFINITION & TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY GLOBAL , NATIONAL & LOCAL BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY LOSS & SPECIES EXTINCTION CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY EXTINCTION CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

definition

What does BIO mean ?

BIO =

DEFINITION

What does DIVERSITY mean

Diversity = Variety
BIODIVERSITY refers to variety
and variability among all groups of living organisms and the ecosystem complex in which they occur.

Types of biodiversity

GENETIC DIVERSITY SPECIES DIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

GENETIC DIVERSITY
It is diversity of genes within a species. There is genetic variability among the populations and individuals of the same species. For eg. Chihuahua , Beagle & Rottweilers are all dogs but their genes are different.

BEAGLE CHIHUAHU A

ROTTWEIL ERS

SPECIES DIVERSITY
It is variability found within the population of a species or between different species of a community. For eg : Monkeys , Dragonflies & Meadow Beauties are all different species.

MONKEY

DRAGONFLY

MEADOW BEAUTY

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
Ecological complexity showing variations in ecological niches , trophic structure , food-webs, nutrient cycling etc. For eg : Prairies , ponds & Tropical rainforest are all ecosystems.

PRAIRIE

RAIN FOREST

FLORIDA SAND HILL POND

VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY

CONSUMPTIVE USE VALUE PRODUCTIVE USE VALUE SOCIAL VALUE AESTHETIC VAUE ETHICAL VALUE ECOSYSTEM SERVICE VALUE

CONSUMPTIVE VALUE
FOOD edible plant species , food crops etc. DRUGS & MEDICINES penicillin , quinine etc. FUEL Wood , coal & petroleum etc.

PRODUCTIVE

VALUE

WILD GENE RESOURCES introducing desirable traits in the crops and animals. OTHERS tusks from elephants , silk from silkworm.

SOCIAL VALUE

Values associated with social life , customs , religion & psycho-spiritual aspects of the people. Plants like tulsi , mango , peepal , lotus etc. are considered holy.

ETHICAL VALUE

Ethical issues like ALL LIFE MUST BE PRESERVED. Based on the concept of LIVE & LET LIVE.

AESTHETIC
ECO-TOURISM.

VALUE

Willingness to pay concept.

ECOSYSTEM VALUE

Prevention of soil erosion. Prevention of floods. Maintenance of soil fertility. Cycling of nutrients Etc.

GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY

Roughly 1.8 million species are known till date. Most of the worlds bio-rich nations are in the south developing nations. International agreements World Heritage Convention attempt to protect and support such areas.

GLOBAL HOTSPOTS

INDIAN BIODIVERSITY
Every country is characterized by its own biodiversity depending upon its climate. India has rich biological diversity of flora and fauna. 6% of the global species are found in india The total number of species found in India is 150,000. Out of a total of 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world, India

INDIAN HOTSPOT
Himalayas - This majestic range of mountains is the home of a diverse range of flora and fauna. Eastern Himalayas is one of the two biodiversity hotspots in India. Chilika - This wetland area is protected under the Ramsar convention. Sunder bans - The largest mangrove forest in India. Western Ghats - One of the two biodiversity hotspots in India. Thar desert - The climate and vegetation in this area is a contrast to the Himalayan region.

ANIMAL SPECIES
Taxa Species World Percentage of India to the world

Protista Mollusca Arthropoda Other Invertebrates Protochordata Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mamalia

2577 5070 68389 8329

31259 66535 987949 87121

8.24 7.62 6.9 9.56

119 2546 209 456 1232 390

2106 21723 5150 5817 9026 4629

5.65 11.72 4.06 7.84 13.66 8.42

LOCAL BIODIVERSITY
Four types based upon their spatial distribution. Point Richness refers to the number of species that can be found at a single point in a given space. Alpha Richness refers to the number of species found in a small homogeneous area. Beta Richness refers to the rate of change in species composition across different habitats.

BIODIVERSITY EXTINCTION
Extinction = last member of a species dies and the species vanishes forever from Earth. 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Currently Earth is undergoing its sixth mass extinctionbecause of us. 1,100 species are known to have gone extinct in the past 400 years. Humans have increased the extinction rate by a factor of 1,000.

MASS EXTINCTION
Species of large mammals and birds plummeted with the arrival of humans, independently, on each of three continents suggesting that human hunting was the cause.

CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
Primary causes spell HIPPO: Habitat alteration Invasive species Pollution Population growth Overexploitation

HABITAT ALITERATION
The greatest cause of extinction today Accounts for 85% of population declines of birds and mammals Alteration due to: Forest clearing Agriculture Urban development Global climatic change

INVASIVE SPECIES
Accidental or intentional introduction of exotic species to new areas. Most do not establish or expand, but some do likely because they are released from limitations imposed by their native predators, parasites, and competitors. In todays globalizing world, invasive species have become perhaps the second-worst threat to native biota.

POLLUTION
Air and water pollution; agricultural runoff, industrial chemicals, etc. Pollution does serious and widespread harm, but is not as threatening as the other elements of HIPPO.

POPULATION GROWTH
Human population growth exacerbates every other environmental problem. More people means more habitat change, more invasive species, more pollution, more overexploitation.

OVEREXPLOITATION
Two meanings: Overharvesting of species from the wild (too much hunting, fishing) Overconsumption of resources. (too much timber cutting, fossil fuel use) Usually overexploitation is not the sole cause of extinction, but it often contributes in tandem with other

CONSERVATION
There are two approaches to Biodiversity Conservation : In Situ Conservation This is achieved by protection of wild life flora and fauna in nature itself. E.g., Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries, Reserve Forests etc Ex Situ Conservation This is done by establishment of gene banks, seed banks, zoos, botanical gardens, culture collections etc