CHAPTER 1: GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

1.1 Reflection at a plane surface 1.2 Reflection at a spherical surface 1.3 Refraction at plane and spherical surfaces. 1.4 Thin lenses

1.1 Reflection at a plane surface.

Objectives:  State laws of reflection.  State the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.

1.1.1 Laws of reflection

1.The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. N
P Q i r

PO = incident ray, NO = normal line i = angle of incidence

OQ = reflected ray AOB = plane mirror r = angle of reflection

2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

Note : The angle of incidence and reflection are measured to the normal to the surface and not to the surface itself.

1.1.2 Image Formation

Image is determined by the intersection of rays in a ray diagram.

IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
The image in a plane mirror is: 1.virtual 2.laterally inverted 3.same size as the object 4.image distance is the same as the object distance. v = u.

Assignment


Determine the minimum length of a plane mirror that someone can see his/her full image.

1.2 Reflection at Spherical surface

Objectives  Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the characteristics of image formed by spherical mirrors.


1 1 1 2 Use  ! ! for real object only u v f r

1.2 Reflection at Spherical surface

1.2.1 Term and definitions

C is the center of the curvature of the mirror. P is the center of the mirror called pole the line CP is the principal axis. AB is the aperture of the mirror. F is the principal focus. f is the focal length. r is the radius of curvature of the mirror.

Image Formation


The image formation by a spherical mirror can be determined by ray diagram and calculation.

Ray Diagram


A diagram that shows incident and reflected/refracted rays after pass through an optical medium. The location of image is determined by the intersection of these rays.

Principal Rays
1. Rays passes through the centre of curvature are reflected back along the same paths.
. CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX MIRROR

2. Rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected through the principal focus. CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX MIRROR

3. Rays through the principal focus are reflected parallel to the principal axis.
F

Ray diagrams for concave mirrors.

Object beyond C, image between C and F, real, inverted and diminished.

Object at C, image at C, real, inverted and same size.

Object between C and F.

Object between F and P

Image beyond C, real, inverted, magnified.

Image behind mirror, virtual, upright and magnified

Ray diagrams for convex mirrors.

Ray 1 A ray parallel to the axis is reflected as though it came from the focal point. Ray 2 A ray heading toward the focal point is reflected parallel to the axis. Ray 3 A ray heading toward the centre of curvature is reflected back on itself Image Virtual, erect, diminished,

The mirror equation To derive a mathematical equation that describe the location of an image, let us refer to figure as below.

The following quantities are identified in figure. Object distance = OP = u Image distance = IP = v Radius of curvature = CP = R Object size = OA = h Image size = IB = h From the figure, it is noted that angles OCA and PCM equal. Labeling this angle by , we can write,

h h' tan = and tan =  ur rv h Also in OPA, tan U ! and in OPB, tan u '

h @ h

v  u

h  v

'

h  h' u r = r  v

1.2 = Combining equation 1.1 and 1.2, we have , So, v r v  u = u r

uv  rv 2 uv uv 2 r 2 r 2 r

h ' h

r v ur

! ur

 uv

! rv  ur ! r (v  u ) v  u ! uv v u !  uv uv 1 1 !  u v

But ,

r f ! 2

, r !2f

r !2f

Hence,
2 1 1 !  2 f u v

1 !11 f u v

.mirror equation

Magnification
Magnification produced by the mirror is defined by

v size of image image distance M ! ! ! size of object object distance u

Sign convention for mirror equations. Positive, +

u Object is in front of mirror v f r

Negative, -

Object is behind the mirror Or the object is real Or the object is virtual Image is behind the mirror Image is in front of the Or the image is virtual mirror, or the image is real Concave mirror or the Convex mirror or the Principal focus is in front of Principal focus is behind the the mirror mirror Concave mirror or the centre Convex mirror or the centre Of curvature is in front of the Of curvature is behind the mirror mirror

Example 1

Determine the image distance and its characteristics of an object if it is placed (a) 5 cm (b) 15 cm and (c) 50 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm.

(a) u=5 cm

1 1 1  ! v 5 10 1 1 1 1 !  ! v 10 5 10 @ v ! 10cm v  10 m! ! !2 u 5

From the sign convention the image is virtual, upright, 2 times bigger than object.

(b) u = 15 cm

1 1 1  ! v 15 10 1 1 1 1 !  ! v 10 15 30 @ v ! 30cm v 30 !2 m! ! u 15
From the sign convention, the image is real, inverted and 2 times bigger than object.

(c) u = 50 cm

1 1 1 4 !  ! v 10 50 50 v ! 12.5c v 12.5 ! ! ! 0.25 u 50

From the sign convention, the image is real, inverted and 4 times smaller than object.

Example 2
An object is placed 15 cm from a a) b) concave mirror convex mirror

of radius of curvature 20 cm. Calculate the image position and magnification in each case.

Solution a) Concave mirror : u = +15 cm, r = +20 cm, f = +10 cm. Substituting values and signs in the mirror equation,

1 u

1 1 ! v f

1 v

1 1  f u

1 1 1  v 10 15 1 1 ! v 30

v 30cm

The image is real since v is positive and it is 30 cm in front of the mirror. Also, Magnification, M

30 M! 15

M !2
The image is twice as high as the object.

b) Convex mirror u = +15 cm, r = -20 cm, f = -10 cm Substituting in as before ,

1 1 1  ! u v f

1 1 1 !  v f u 1 1 1 !  v 10 15
1 5 !  30 v

v !  6 .0 cm
The image is virtual since v is negative and it is 6.0 cm behind the mirror.

Also,

v ! u
6 2 M ! ! 15 5

The image is two-fifth as high as the object.

Example 3 (PYQ:2000/01)

An object is placed 10 cm in front of a mirror. Image formed is upright and twice the size of the object. a)State the type of the mirror and determine whether the image is real or virtual. b)Calculate the radius of curvature of the mirror.

a) Since the image is upright and magnified, the mirror used is concave. Hence the image is virtual. v b) M ! ! 2 u v ! 2u ! 2(10) ! 20c Since the image is virtual, then v ! 20c . 2 1 1 1 1 1 !  !  ! r v u  20 10 20 r ! 40c

Example 4(PYQ:1999/00)
An object is placed in front of a spherical mirror and the magnification of the image formed is 3. If the image distance from the centre of curvature of the mirror is 40 cm and upright image is formed, a)State the type of spherical mirror used. b)Sketch the formation of the image c) Calculate the object distance from the pole of the mirror and the focal length.

1.3 REFRACTION AT PLANE & SPHERICAL SURFACES Objectives  State and use the laws of refraction (Snell s Law) for layers of materials with different densities.  Apply n1  n2 ! (n2  n1 ) for spherical u v r surface

1.3.1 LAWS OF REFRACTION

Normal

Normal

Air

Glass

1>

2 2

<

1. For given two medium

si U 1 n2 ! ! co sta t si U 2 n1
or n1 sin U1 = n2 sin U2 This equation is also known as Snells law 2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.

1.3.2 REFRACTIVE INDEX

The ratio

sin U1 n2 ! sin U 2 n1

where nx is called the refractive index of the medium. Light is refracted because it has different velocity in different medium. The relation between refractive index and velocity is given as

n1 v1 ! n2 v2

Substance SOLIDS Diamond Zircon Glass, flint Sodium chloride Glass, crown Polystyrene Silica Ice LIQUIDS Carbon disulfide Benzene Glycerin Ethyl alcohol Water GASES Carbon dioxide Air

Refractive index 2.149 1.923 1.66 1.544 1.52 1.49 1.458 1.309 1.628 1.501 1.473 1.361 1.333 1.00045 1.000293

Indices of Refraction

EXAMPLE
1. A beam of light of wavelength 500 nm traveling in air incident on a slab of transparent material. The incident beam makes an angle of 40.0 0 with the normal, and the refracted beam makes an angle of 26.0 0 with the normal. Find the index of refraction of the material and the wavelength of light in the material.

Solution:
Snell s Law of refraction with these data gives

n1 sin U 1 ! n2 sin U 2
The wavelength of light in the material
n1 sin U

n2

sin U 2

sin 40.0 0 0.643 = (1.00) ! ! 1.47 0 0.438 sin 26.0

@ P2 !

n1P n2

1.00(500) ! ! 340.1nm 1.47

Apparent Depth

Light exits into medium (air) of lower index of refraction, and turns left.

n2 d D n1

The apparent depth of the object d is given by:

1 2

D ! d

REFRACTION BY SPHERICAL SURFACE

n1
r

n2 v

n1 n2 n2  n1  ! u v r

Sign Convention
Positive, + Negative, u Real object Virtual object Object in front of surface Object at the back of surface v Image at the opposite side Image at the same side of of object or at back of Object or in front of surface surface. r Centre of curvature in Centre of curvature in more dense medium. less dense medium.
Front is where the object located

Example
A cylinder glass rod has refractive index 1.5 is place in air. One end has the shape of a hemisphere. The radius of the hemisphere is 10 cm. If an object is placed 50 cm from the hemisphere as shown in the diagram below (fig 1.28), find the image distance.
R=10 cm

n2=1.5

Solution
From

 1)  ! v r 1 1.5 (1.5  1)  ! 50 v 10 1.5 0.5 1 3 !  ! v 10 50 100 v ! 50cm

1 2

The image is real, inverted and is situated inside the glass rod

Exercise
1. A small flaw is found inside a crystal ball of radius 20 cm. The flaw is situated 5 cm from one end of the ball as shown in the diagram below (Fig 1.29). Where does an observer see the image of the flaw?

n=1.5 5 cm 20 cm

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Fig 35-26, p.1112

Critical Angle
n1sin Uc = n2 sin 90o  n1sin Uc = n2  sin Uc = n2 / n1 -1  Uc = sin (n2 / n1) o  For water: Uc = 48  The higher the index of refraction the lower Uc


Fish Eye View

View of World Above Applet

Bird & Fish

Fiber Optics

Fiber Optics

Water on the Road Mirage

Palm Tree Mirage

Fata Morgana/Mirage

1.4 THIN LENSES

Objectives  Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the characteristics of image formed by diverging and converging lenses.  Use equation stated in 17.3(b) to derive
1 1 1 thin lens formula,  ! u v f object only.


for real

1 1 1 ! (n  1)  Use lensmaker s equation f r1 r2

Use the thin lens formula for a combination of converging lenses.

1.4 THIN LENSES



Made of glass have two type of lenses which is converging lens and diverging lens. Converging lens which are thicker in the middle than at the edge. Diverging which are thinner in the middle than at the edge. Converging lens have +ve focal length while diverging lens have ve focal length.

CONVERGING LENS

Die-converge bi-convex

Plano converge planar convex

Meniscus converge

DIVERGING LENS

Die-diverge bi-concave

Plano diverge planar concave

Meniscus diverge

MENU

PRINCIPAL RAYS
Converging Lenses (convex)

1 2 object 1 Parallel Ray 2 Central Ray 3 Focal Ray 3 image Optic Axis

Object is at 2F I O Object is beyond 2F I O Object is at infinity I o

MENU

IMAGE:Same size, Inverted, Real

IMAGE:Smaller,Inverted,Real

IMAGE:Formed at F

Object is between F & O

MENU

IMAGE:Real,Magnified, Erect

Object is at F

IMAGE IS AT INFINITY

Object is between F & 2F I O IMAGE:Inverted, Real, Magnified

PRINCIPAL RAYS
Diverging Lens
1

3 object Optic Axis image

1 Parallel Ray 2 Central Ray 3 Focal Ray

The image of a real object formed by a diverging lens is always virtual, erect and smaller than the object

Sign convention for lens equations

Positive, + u Object is in front of the lens or the object is real Image is at opposite side of the lens, or the image is real Negative, Object is behind the lens or the object is virtual Image is at the same side of the lens or the image is virtual

f & Convex surface or the Concave surface or the r principal focus is principal focus is in behind the lens front of the lens surface. surface.

LENS EQUATION

1 1 1 !  f u v

Where f = focal length u = object distance v = image distance

Linear magnification,

v ! u

Example
1. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. Where an object must be placed in front of the lens to produce an image which is 4 times the size of the object? Solution: There are 2 possible images formed. The image can be real or virtual. i. For real image;

v m! !4 u v ! 4u

Substituting it into lens formula

1 1 1  ! 10 4 5 1 ! 4 10 ! 12.5cm
ii. For virtual image, v = -4u Substituting into lens formula

1 1 1  ! 4 10 3 1 ! 4 10 ! 7.5cm

LENS MAKERS EQUATION

1 n2 1 1 ! 1  n r r f 1 1 2
f focal length n1 refraction index of medium surround n2 refraction index of lens r radius of curvature of lens

Example
A plano concave lens is made up of glass of refractive index 1.5. The spherical surface has radius of 40 cm. Determine it focal length in air(n = 1) and water (n = 1.33)

Solution
1 n2 1 1 1 n2 1 1 ! 1  ! 1  n r r n r r f 1 1 2 f 1 1 2 1 ! 1.5 1 1  1 1.5 1 ! 1  1.33 g  40 g  40 1 ! (0.128)(0.025) ! (0.5)(0.025) ! 0.003 ! 0.0125 f ! 313cm f ! 80c

Exercise
An object produces an image on a screen. The screen is placed at 0.6 m from the object. If the focal length of the lens is 10 cm, find the position of the object from the lens. A meniscus lens of radii of curvature 10 cm and 15 cm is made of glass with refractive index n = 1.5(Fig 1.46). What is the focal length of this lens?

COMBINATION OF LENSES
 

Produce greater magnification. Applications: 1. microscope magnify tiny objects 2. telescope magnify distant objects.

Fig 36-32b, p.1151

Fig 36-32a, p.1151

Slide 88

Fig 36-44a, p.1161 Fig 36-44b, p.1161

Slide 90

Fig 36-45a, p.1163

Fig 36-45b, p.1163