LABORATORY EQUIPMENT CENTRIFUGE

Centrifuge

Separates cells from serum/ plasma

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The Outline Of Our Presentation

General Equipment In The Laboratory Purpose Of Centrifugation Types Of Centrifuges How It Works Equipment Parts Questions And Answers

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Laboratory Equipment
Refrigerator & freezer
Refrigerate or cool down specimen to test device

Pipette
Collects or transfers specimen to test device

Centrifuge
Separates cells from serum/ plasma

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Vortex

Tube

Pipettes Aerosolve Cannister

Rotor
Centrifuge

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Cabinet

Purpose Of The Centrifugation A key role in many industrial processes, laboratory activities including the production of insulin, is to separate liquid phases and solids from each other

Centrifugation can be utilized to separate the cellular debris from the released protein

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Centrifuge: Use and Care

Always operate with the lid closed Balance contents before turning on Check for vibration Do not open the lid until the rotor has come to a complete stop Keep lids on tubes when spinning

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Centrifuges: Function Checks

Proper balance Lubrication Rotor function

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Centrifuge: Routine Maintenance

Clean interior, condenser coils, fan, and screens Investigate unusual noises or vibrations Inspect for evidence of wear, cracks in fitting, corrosion, uneven wear, or signs of fatigue:
Head, shaft head and coupling Brushes and bearings Power supply Motor and lubricant Gaskets, seals, mounts and lubricants

Calibrate speed

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Centrifuge Safety
Increase the speed slowly until optimal speed is reached Disconnect the centrifuge from the electrical source before preventive maintenance, cleaning or inspection Take caution when removing spills and broken specimen tubes after a run If tubes are broken, keep the door closed and allow to sit undisturbed for 30 minutes before attempting to clean Use tweezers to remove broken glass
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The Disc Stack Centrifuge

Large particles have higher settling velocities than small particles Cellular debris ends up at the outer edge of the bowl Soluble intracellular material passes through with the clarified liquid Discs give a higher sigma factor
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Decanter Centrifuge
Rotating Bowl Rotating scroll Clarified liquid

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Centrifuge
A mechanical device that uses the principle of centrifugal force to separate materials of different densities.

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KINDS OF CENTRIFUGE

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Types Of Centrifuges Used by Industries

Decanter Centrifuge

Disk Stack Centrifuge

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Kinds of Centrifuge Centrifuge at NASA Ames Research Center. Featured in movie Space Cowboys, 2000

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Urania Observatory, The Netherlands

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UC Davis Engineering

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RPI Earthquake Engineering

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High speed centrifuge

Beckman Avanti J series 26,000 rpm (revolutions per minute) 82,000 g (gravities) Weight 600 lb

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Cont.
A high speed or ultra centrifuge rotor is a 10 - 30 lb piece of metal (aluminum and titanium are common), carefully designed and fashioned to turn smoothly and withstand the incredible forces concomitant with spin speeds of 15,000 - 150,000 rpm.

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Ultracentrifuge
Beckman OptimaLXP 100,000 rpm 802,400 g Weight 1025 lb

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Ultracentrifuge
Sorvall Ultra-Pro 80 80,000 rpm 602,644 g

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Micro-ultracentrifuge
Sorval M150 SE 150,000 rpm 1,048,000 g

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Primary hazards
Mechanical failure

Dispersion of aerosols (hazardous aerosols)

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Mechanical Failure
Is caused by age and by improper use or inadequate care of centrifuge or rotor. Especially the rotor.

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Rotors
Fixed angle rotor

Swinging bucket rotor

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Care and Attention

Safe high-speed spin requires nearly perfectly balanced load. Age, use, and misuse contribute to rotor flaws. A rotor which comes apart at high speed can be deadly.

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Properties Centrifugation

Ideal for a wide range of separation tasks that involve Lower solids concentrations Smaller particle sizes

process!

particle (biomass) size 1.5 microns biomass percentage 0.6% totalBIOLOGY percentage - 5.54% solid BILINGUAL CLASS

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Working Principles

separates solids and liquid phases in a continuous process uses extremely high centrifugal forces denser solids are forced outwards against the solid bowl wall less dense liquid phases form concentric inner layers inserting special plates provides additional surface settling area
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Working Principles

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Parts Of The Disk Stack Centrifuge

INLET ZONE reduces shear forces and amount of foaming increases and avoids disturbances of the separation processes occurring in the bowl

LIQUID DISCHARGE SECTION important that oxygen pick-up is kept to a minimum temperature increases in the liquid must be avoided to prevent problems later in the process

SOLIDS DISCHARGE SECTION remove solids by continuous solids discharge, intermittent solids discharge or manual removal
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Parts Of The Disk Stack Centrifuge

Disk Stack Area heart of the centrifuge key to good separation performance lies in the efficiency of the disk stack layout and design of the distribution holes ensure that the process flow is evenly spread among all the disks

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Keys To Exceptional Performance

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Efficiency Depends On solids volume fraction sedimentation area rotational speed Efficiency Can Be Improved If particle diameter is increased (coagulation, flocculation) residence time distance for sedimentation

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Keys To Exceptional Performance

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Desirables high centrifuge speed large particle size large density difference between solids and liquids large radius small viscosity

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(Purdue 2003) This rotor came apart while coming up to speed (not yet spinning at full speed)

The 6 inch (15 cm) long chunk damaged (ruined) but did not completely penetrate the centrifuge lid and housing. The BIOLOGY BILINGUAL CLASS motor and spindle were also destroyed.

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To Reduce Wear And Chance Of Failure

Follow instructions in manual and rotor care guide Use only compatible rotors Check routinely for rotor damage Don't overfill tubes Cap tubes Balance load carefully Check that rotor correctly seated on drive spindle Run at < max safe speed
continued

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To Reduce Wear And Chance Of Failure, Continued

Stay right there until full speed is reached. Stop the centrifuge if anything seems unusual Never open until stopped (never manual brake) Clean rotor gently Dry completely Store rotor upside down Maintain a careful rotor log Derate and retire rotors for age/use

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(MIT 1999) This rotor split in half at 55,000 rpm after 3 h of what was supposed to be a much longer spin.

Grad student report Rotor was manufactured in 1986 and was covered for 10,000 hours of operation or 5 years, whichever comes first. No surprise that it flew apart 13 years later. Fortunately the centrifuge housing contained it.
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THANK YOU

GROUP 3

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