REPRODUCTION (PERKEMBANG BIAKAN )

REPRODUCTION (PERKEMBANG BIAKAN )

REPRODUCTION IS THE PROCESS OF GENERATING OFFSPRING, SO THAT A LIVING THING CAN PRESERVE ( MEMPERBANYAK ) ITS SPECIES

1. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
y There are 2 animal reproduction y a. Generative reproduction ( sexual ) y b. Vegetative reproduction ( asexual ) a. Generative reproduction

-occurs through the egg fertilization by sperm - egg is produced by female(perempuan) - sperm is produced by male(laki-laki)

Based on the location animal fertilization divided into internal fertilization and external fertilization
a. Internal Fertilization

- occur inside the female body Ex : Bird, mammal, reptile

b. External fertilization
- occur outside the female body Ex : frog , fish
Poison Arrow Frog
Found in the rain forests of Central and South America, poison arrow frogs (also known as poison dart frogs) are often brightly colored to ward off predators. The frogs secrete a powerful toxin used by native peoples to poison the tips of arrows. Pictured is Dendrobates azureus of South America.

y Red-Eyed Leaf Frog

y The red-eyed leaf frog is one of the many species of rain forest tree frogs that

have adhesive toe pads. This modification of the toes of the front and hind legs allows these small frogs to adhere to the undersides of leaves and to crawl up the vertical surfaces of tree trunks and other surfaces with relative ease. After mating, the female deposits her eggs on the underside of a leaf that overhangs the water. As the eggs hatch, the tadpoles fall into the relative safety of the water below and swim away.

y Leopard Frog Diving

y The leopard frogs long, muscular hind legs are adapted for jumping

and swimming. Its webbed hind feet also help the frog move through the water. Found throughout North America, leopard frogs can be recognized by the numerous black or brown spots on their skin.

y Butterfly Fish
y The butterfly fish is a member of the order Perciformes, the largest

order of bony fishes. Hundreds of species of butterfly fish are found on coral reefs around the world. Fast and flexible, they can dart quickly into coral crevices to avoid predators and chase after food items. Most species of butterfly fish are brightly colored and patterned, with one or more false eyespots on the fins. This type of coloration serves to disrupt the outline of the body against the background of the coral reef, making it difficult for predators to detect them.

y Devilfish
y The devilfish, or manta ray, is the largest species of ray, growing to a

width of at least 6 m (20 ft) and a weight of over 750 kg (1500 lb). In spite of its large size, the devilfish is a filter feeder, straining planktonic organisms and small fish out of the water with its wide, gaping mouth. Unlike other types of rays, the devilfish lacks a spine on its tail.

y Swordfish
y

Swordfish live in temperate and tropical seas throughout the world. They remain near the waters surface during the day, diving to deep waters to feed, chiefly on smaller fishes. A swordfish typically swims through a school of mackerel, haddock, or other fish swinging its sharp-edged, swordlike snout from side to side to stun its prey. It then turns around and swims back through the school to feed, swallowing the prey whole in its toothless mouth. A swordfish may also impale its prey.

Generation reproduction can be done in three ways, namely laying eggs, giving birth, and laying-eggs and giving birth
a. Laying eggs / oviparous ( bertelur)

Internal or external fertilization - Fertilization by sperm to eggs is producing zygote and then grow to be embryo - Development from zygote,embryo until complete individual occurs outside the parents body Ex : chicken,birds,frogs, fish, and insect The fertilized egg (chicken and bird ) is covered and protected by shell and an egg yolk as a food supply for embryo.After embryo to be complete individual so the egg will hatch(menetas)
-

But fish, frog ,and insect the fertilized egg is not protected by shell Crocodile Bird
The crocodile bird, or Egyptian plover, is a noisy African shorebird. It lays its eggs on sandbars and completely covers them with sand to protect the chicks from extreme heat.

Gray Partridge Native to Europe and Asia Hens lay up to 20 olive-colored eggs in poorly defined nests in bushes or tall grass.

b. Giving birth/viviparous ( melahirkan)

- Internal fertilization - The fertilized egg by sperm produce zygote( cell )

after that to be embryo , and then to be fetus ( janin ) inside female body ( womb / rahim )
- Embryo and fetus get food from mother through

placenta ( tali ari ) . Ex : cat, lion ,and cow .

Two Human Sperm Cells

The small capsule-shaped head of the sperm cell contains the chromosome contribution from the male. The whiplike tail helps to propel the sperm cell toward the egg, where fertilization takes place

Zygote

A fertilized egg is called a zygote. When the zygote begins to divide it becomes an embryo.

1.Human Fetus

2.Egg Cell

2. Vegetative animal reproduction

y a. bud formation (pembentukan tunas )

- be signed by the emerging (pemunculan ) of bud on the side of the parents body - if the bud have been bigger so it will remove (terlepas ) from its parents body after that it will attach (menempel ) to the bottom( dasar )of water Ex : Hydra (hydra) sea anemones (anemon laut)

y Green Hydra y the hydra captures small organisms from the surrounding

water. It is often found in colonies of many individuals. The hydra is capable of regenerating lost body parts, even in cases where the injury has been extensive.

y Gray Snakelocks Anemone

y The gray snakelocks anemone, sometimes called the pink-tip, is related

to the jellyfish, corals, and hydroids. Although sea anemones can move, they do not actively pursue prey but rather capture fish, shrimp, or other invertebrates that swim past or fall on them from above. The sea anemones color results from the presence of a symbiotic algae, called zooxanthellae, living in the anemones body tissues.

y Red Sea Anemone

y Sometimes mistaken for plants, sea anemones are true animals that kill

prey with their poisonous tentacles. y Marine biologists believe some sea anemones can live 100 years or longer.

y Shrimp and Sea Anemone

b. Fragmentation (fragmentasi)

-occur in the parents body break into two parts - Each of the parts will grow into new individuals Ex : flatworm ( cacing tanah )

y Blood Flukes

y Planarian
y The planarian is a type of flatworm found on the bottom of freshwater

lakes and streams and in certain moist land-habitats. They have remarkable regenerative abilities: A planarian cut in half lengthwise will regenerate into two whole worm

y Turbellarian

a large class of ribbon-shaped flatworms found primarily on the bottoms of oceans. - Amoeba Engulfing a Paramecium

c. Parthenogenesis
- Occur without fertilization - Usually be conducted ( dilakukan ) in certain

condition
- It happen if a female cant find for a period of time

and then will produce offsprings through parthenogenesis Ex : komodo dragon ( komodo)

Amoeba Reproduction
1. Amoeba stops moving and rounds off. 2. The nucleus begins to divide. 3. The nucleus has divided and the cytoplasm starts to constrict. 4 & 5 The constriction continues to divide the cytoplasm. 6. The daughter amoebae separate. This is a form of asexual reproduction called binary fission.

This is a form of asexual reproduction called binary fission.

Refrensi : -Science For Elementary School Year VI, Yudhistira -Microsoft Encantra -http://www.biology-resources.com/drawing-amoebareproduction.html

Answer the questions tugas 2.3 and tugas 2.4 page 26 and 27 Sains books by haryanto Write on your exercise book !