The Periodic Table

Essential Questions
• What do all those letters and numbers
mean?
• Why is the arrangement of the periodic
table important?
 How is it arranged?
• Now the elements are put in rows by
increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!!
• The horizontal rows are called periods
and are labeled from 1 to 7.
• The vertical columns are called groups
are labeled from 1 to 18.
 Why are groups useful?
• Elements in the same group
have similar chemical and
physical properties!!
Why??
• They have the same number of
valence electrons.
• They will form the same kinds
of ions.
 Alkali Metals
• 1st column on the
periodic table (Group
1) not including
hydrogen.
• Very reactive metals,
always combined with
something else in nature
(like in salt).
• Soft enough to cut with a
butter knife
 Alkaline Earth Metals
• Second column on the
periodic table. (Group 2)
• Reactive metals that are
always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
• Several of these
elements are important
mineral nutrients (such
as Mg and Ca)
Transition Metals
• Elements in groups
3-12
• Less reactive harder
metals
• Includes metals
used in jewelry and
construction.
• Metals used “as
metal.”
 Boron Family
• Elements in group 13
• Aluminum metal was
once rare and
expensive, not a
“disposable metal.”
Carbon Family
• Elements in group 14
• Contains elements
important to life and
computers.
• Carbon is the basis for an
entire branch of
chemistry.
• Silicon and Germanium
are important
semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
• Elements in
group 15
• Nitrogen makes up over
¾ of the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen and
phosphorus are both
important in living
things.
• Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not available
to living things.
• The red stuff on the tip
of matches is
phosphorus.
Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
• Elements in
group 16
• Oxygen is
necessary for
respiration.
• Many things that
stink, contain sulfur
(rotten eggs, garlic,
skunks,etc.)
 Halogens
• Elements in group 17
• Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
• Always found combined
with other element in
nature
• Used as disinfectants and
to strengthen teeth.
The Noble Gases
 The Noble Gases
• Elements in group
18
• VERY unreactive
gases
• Have a full valence
shell
• Used in lighted “neon” signs
 Periodic Trends
• # OF VALENCE ELECTRONS - increases across a period
(left right), & stays the same within a family (Determines
characteristics of elements in a family.)
• ATOMIC SIZE – decreases across a period & increases
down a family
• IONIZATION ENERGY – increases across a period &
decreases down a family (Energy required to remove an
electron from an atom)
• ELECTRON AFFINITY – increases across a period &
decreases down a family (Energy associated with the
addition of an electron to an atom) EXCLUDE NOBLE
GASES
 Periodic Trends (Cont)
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY – increases across a period &
decreases down a family (Ability of an atom to attract an
electron) EXCLUDE NOBLE GASES
 IONIC SIZE – (Ions are charged particles formed when an
atom gains or loses electrons.)
*Cations (positive ions) tend to be smaller than their
representative elements.
*Anions (negative ions) tend to be larger than their
representative elements.
Overall, ionic size decreases across a period & increases
down a family.
 METALLIC PROPERTIES – decrease across a period &
increase down a family