Renewable Energy Integration

Professor Stephen Lawrence

Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/images/left.gif

http://www.re-energy.ca/

Agenda


Current and future sources of energy



Whats best?

Distributed Generation

World primary energy consumption

BP website (BP.com)

World Energy Consumption to 2025

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html

Energy Forecasts by Sector

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html

Primary energy consumed per capita

BP website (BP.com)

World Primary Energy per Capita

http://www.newint.org/issue284/facts.html

Oil & Gas Production Forecasts

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Global Fossil Carbon Emissions

Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

Fossil Fuels

BP website (BP.com)

Petroleum

http://www.lakesoil.com.au/photo6.jpg

Natural Gas

www.citypublicservice.com

http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/222.asp

Coal

http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.asp?id=fow&num=30

Tar Sands

http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm

http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm

Oil Shale

http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg

http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104

Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal



Large source of atmospheric pollution

   

Create carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned



Implicated in global warming

Nitrous oxides (NOx) smog Sulfur dioxide (SO2) acid rain Measurable amounts of radioactive material
Naturally present in coal  More than a nuclear power plant


Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant

Category
Power Energy / year Coal / year Sulfur Dioxide / year Nitrogen Oxides / year Carbon Dioxide / year

Power Plant
500 MW 3.5 billion kWh 1.43 million tons 10,000 Tons 10,200 Tons 3,700,000 Tons

100W Light Bulb

100 W 876 kWh 714 lbs 5 pounds 5.1 pounds 1,852 pounds

CO2 Mitigation Options

http://www.netl.doe.gov

Carbon Sequestration Options

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html

Ocean Sequestration

http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html

Polk Power Station Tampa

http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct5.html

FutureGen

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Energy Consumption

US Production Cost Comparison

http://www.nei.org

Spent Fuel Cooling Pool

http://www.uic.com.au/opinion6.html

Yucca Mountain Cross Section

http://www.nrc.gov/waste/hlw-disposal/design.html

Transportation Concerns

http://www.nei.org/http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=2&catid=84

Anti-Nuclear Ad

http://perth.indymedia.org/storyuploads/13114/en_4b.jpg

Hydropower

http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg

Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams

Wind Energy

U.S. Energy Capacity US WindWind Energy Capacity

10000 8000 6000 MW 4000 2000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Recent Capacity Enhancements 2006

5 MW 600

2000 850 kW 265

2003 1.8 MW 350

Costs Nosedive Winds Success

38 cents/kWh
$0.40 $0.30 $0.20 $0.10 $0.00 1980

3.5-5.0 cents/kWh
1984 1988 1991 1995 2000 2005

Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit

Solar Energy

Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales

http://www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm

Large Scale Solar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

Small Scale Solar

Solar Cell Production Volume

Sharp Corporation
http://sharp-world.com/solar/generation/images/graph_2004.gif

PV Cell Efficiencies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nrel_best_research_pv_cell_efficiencies.png

Solar Thermal Energy

http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/re-kiosk/solar/solar-thermal/case-studies/central-receiver.shtml

Oceanic Energy

Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines)

 

Direct drive to generator



No gearboxes Versus a bored foundation Improved reliability But trades off efficiency

Gravity base


Fixed pitch turbine blades

 

http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm

Cross Section of a Tidal Barrage

http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidal.html

Tapered Channel (Tapchan)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.html

LIMPET Oscillating Water Column

    

Completed 2000 Scottish Isles Two counter-rotating Wells turbines Two generators 500 kW max power

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Mighty Whale Design Japan

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/

Ocean Wave Conversion System

http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html

World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW)

      
2 As

Source Tides Waves Currents OTEC1 Salinity World electric2 World hydro
gradients

    

Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2,7003 5,000 200,000 1,000,000 4,000

Along coastlines

      

Practical (est) 20 GW 500 50 40 NPA4 2,800 550


3

1 Temperature

Not presently available

Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005

of 1998

Geothermal Energy Plant

Geothermal energy plant in Iceland

http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/

Geothermal Site Schematic

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004

Methods of Heat Extraction

http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html

Global Geothermal Sites

http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe.jpg

Bioenergy Cycle

http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

Types of Biomass

Municipal Solid Waste

http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg

Landfill Gasses

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Hydrogen Economy Schematic

Electrolysis of Water (H2O)

http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/edu_k-12/9-12/fc_energy/make_your_own_hydrogen_results.html

Hydrogen Economy

Transporting Hydrogen

UNIDO-ICHET Projection

UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php

What to do? Whats best?

Distributed Generation

Centralized vs. Distributed Generation

http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary.htm

US Net Energy Flows

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/USenergyFlow99-quads_Internet.jpg

Power Generation Efficiency

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

Central Power Generation (today)

  

Remote, Large, Expensive Long Distance Delivery Fossil Fuel Plants

  

Waste Heat (Nuclear) Environment Unfriendly (Co2) Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg) Waste Disposal Flooding 110 Grid Failures Cost $80-123 B./Yr Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill

  

Nuclear Plants
    

Hydroelectric Plants Unreliable (2000-2003)

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

Current Power Industry - Opinion



Monopolies
      

Regulated No competition Ossified Expensive Inefficient Unreliable Unfriendly

Time has come for an energy revolution

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

Distributed Generation
 

Located next to user Range of energy sources

 

Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Hydrogen, nuclear

 

Capacity kw Mw Economic benefits

      

Waste heat used Lowers fossil fuel use Low investment Power failure losses eliminated Environmental/ health costs reduced Grid costs peak/capital Lower electric bills

  

Flexibility of location Cogeneration



Combined heat & power (CHP)

Micropower
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

Opinions Regarding DG


DG Can Play a Key Role

 

Where reliability is crucial- emergency capacity Alternative to local network expansion Has potential to fundamentally alter structure and organization of our electric power system (IEA) Micropower passes nuclear as technology of choice for new plants globally. We really could be seeing the revival of Edisons dream (VVV) The era of monopolization, centralization and other regulation has started to give way to market forces in electricity (VVV) 931 DG Plants Deliver 72,800 MW 8.1% Of total US Power

Opinions
 

United States today

  

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

Sources of DG
      

Solar photovoltaic and thermal Wind Turbines Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) Geothermal Oceanic Nuclear Fossil Fuels


Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

CG vs. DG Today
Waste Energy % Delivered Electricity % Total Costs ($)
  

CG 67 33
4.2 6.6 10.8

DG 10 90
5.2 0.6 5.8

Generation T&D Total

CO2 Oil Equivalent (BB) Fossil Fuel Sales (Trillions $)

X Y Z

0.5X -122 -2.87

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

CG vs. DG in 2020
Capital Total Power Cost Unit Power Cost Emissions
  

$B $B /kWh

CG 831 145 8.6

DG 504 55 5.5

CO2 NOx SO2

X A B

0.5X 0.4A 0.1B

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

Enabling DG Technologies

Microturbines
 

Low to moderate initial capital cost Fuel flexibility,



burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene)

 

Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP Extremely low air emissions


NOx, CO, and SOx

A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60kilowatt units have just one moving part a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.

Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout

Microturbine Systems

http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microturbine.htm

http://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbines.html

Micro-Hydro

http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_expertise

http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs46.htm

Porker Power Lamar Colorado

Video
http://www.state.co.us/oemc/programs/distributed/

Distributed Generation Summary

Advantages of DG
 

Local positioning avoids transmission and distribution losses Generation adjacent to loads allows convenient use of heat energy


Combined heat and power (CHP)

Local positioning enables available sources of energy to be used,



Waste products or renewable resources may be easily utilized to supplement fossil fuels

Local positioning allows the use of available single or three phase generation
http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm

Disadvantages of DG


Disadvantages
  

Conventional distribution systems need adequate protection in order to accommodate exchange of power Signaling for dispatch of resources becomes extremely complicated Connection and revenue contracts are difficult to establish The use of Net Power in certain areas of the US


Issues with DG
 

Power companies must by power from distributors a market rates Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric power systems

IEEE 1547 standard, still under formulation



 

Safety concerns with energy generated from multiple sources System protection under two way exchange of power
http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm

Extra Slides

Ramgen Fossil Fuel Generator

http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/distgen/ramgen.html