Concept 30.1: The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are protected in ovules and pollen grains
In addition to seeds, the following are common to all seed plants: Reduced gametophytes Heterospory Ovules Pollen
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Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte (n)
Gametophyte (n)
Large sporophyte and small, independent gametophyte (ferns and other seedless vascular plants)
Sporophyte (2n), the flowering plant (independent) Microscopic male gametophytes (n) in inside these parts of flowers (dependent)
Microscopic male gametophytes (n) in pollen cones (dependent) Sporophyte (2n), (independent)
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Seed coat (derived from integument) Food supply (female gametophyte tissue) (n) Embryo (2n) (new sporophyte) Gymnosperm seed
Male gametophyte (within germinating pollen grain) (n) Micropyle Fertilized ovule
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Cycas revoluta
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Gnetum. This genus includes about 35 species of tropical trees, shrubs, and vines, mainly native to Africa and Asia. Their leaves look similar to those of flowering plants, and their seeds look somewhat like fruits.
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Ephedra. This genus includes about 40 species that inhabit arid regions throughout the world. Known in North America as Mormon tea, these desert shrubs produce the compound ephedrine, commonly used as a decongestant.
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Welwitschia. This genus consists of one species Welwitschia mirabilis, a plant that lives only in the deserts of southwestern Africa. Its strap like leaves are among the largest known.
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Ovulate cones
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Douglas fir. Doug fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) provides more timber than any other North American tree species. Some uses include house framing, plywood, pulpwood for paper, railroad ties, and boxes and crates.
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Pacific yew. The bark of Pacific yew (Taxa brevifolia) is a source of taxol, a compound used to treat women with ovarian cancer. The leaves of a European yew species produce a similar compound, which can be harvested without destroying the plants. Pharmaceutical companies are now refining techniques for synthesizing drugs with taxol-like properties.
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Bristlecone pine. This species (Pinus longaeva), which is found in the White Mountains of California, includes some of the oldest living organisms, reaching ages of more than 4,600 years. One tree (not shown here) is called Methuselah because it may be the worlds oldest living tree. In order to protect the tree, scientists keep its location a secret.
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Sequoia. This giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), in Californias Sequoia National Park weighs about 2,500 metric tons, equivalent to about 24 blue whales (the largest animals), or 40,000 people. Giant sequoias are the largest living organisms and also some of the most ancient, with some estimated to be between 1,800 and 2,700 years old. Their cousins, the coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), grow to heights of more than 110 meters (taller than the Statue of Liberty) and are found only in a narrow coastal strip of northern California.
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Common juniper. The berries of the common juniper (Juniperus communis), are actually ovuleproducing cones consisting of fleshy sporophylls.
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Wollemia pine. Survivors of a confer group once known only from fossils, living Wollemia pines (Wollemia nobilis), were discovered in 1994 in a national park only 150 kilometers from Sydney, Australia. The species consists of just 40 known individuals two small groves. The inset photo compares the leaves of this living fossil with actual fossils.
Gymnosperm Evolution
Fossil evidence reveals that by the late Devonian period some plants, called progymnosperms, had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record and dominated the Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems Living seed plants can be divided into two clades: gymnosperms and angiosperms
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Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Ovule
Ovulate cone
Microsporocytes (2n)
Germinating Pollen pollen grain grains (n) MEIOSIS (containing male gametophytes) Surviving megaspore (n)
Seedling Germinating pollen grain Archegonium Egg (n) Seeds on surface of ovulate scale Female gametophyte Germinating pollen grain (n) Food reserves Seed coat (gametophyte (derived from Discharged tissue) (n) sperm nucleus (n) parent sporophyte) (2n) Pollen tube Integument
FERTILIZATION
Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits
Angiosperms are flowering plants These seed plants have reproductive structures called flowers and fruits They are the most widespread and diverse of all plants
Characteristics of Angiosperms
All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, Anthophyta The name comes from the Greek anthos, flower
Flowers
The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves: Sepals, which enclose the flower Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators Stamens, which produce pollen Carpels, which produce ovules
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Carpel
Filament
Ovary
Fruits
A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry
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Tomato, a fleshy fruit with soft outer and inner layers of pericarp
Ruby grapefruit, a fleshy fruit with a hard outer layer and soft inner layer of pericarp
Nectarine, a fleshy fruit with a soft outer layer and hard inner layer (pit) of pericarp
Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations
Seeds within berries and other edible fruits are often dispersed in animal feces.
The barbs of cockleburs facilitate seed dispersal by allowing these fruits to hitchhike on animals.
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Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Anther Mature flower on Sporophyte plant (2n) Microsporangium Microsporocytes (2n) MEIOSIS Microspore (n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Male Generative cell Tube cell
Ovary MEIOSIS
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Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Microsporangium Microsporocytes (2n) MEIOSIS
Ovary
Microspore (n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) MEIOSIS
Pollen grains
Stigma Pollen Megasporangium tube (n) Sperm Surviving megaspore (n) Pollen tube Style Antipodal cells Female gametophyte Polar nuclei (embryo sac) Synergids Eggs (n) Eggs nucleus (n) Pollen tube Sperm (n)
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Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Microsporangium Microsporocytes (2n) MEIOSIS
Microspore (n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) MEIOSIS
Pollen grains
Stigma Pollen Megasporangium tube (n) Sperm Surviving megaspore (n) Pollen tube Style Antipodal cells Female gametophyte Polar nuclei (embryo sac) Synergids Eggs (n) Nucleus of developing endosperm (3n) Zygote (2n) Eggs nucleus (n) FERTILIZATION Pollen tube Sperm (n)
Seed
Animation: Plant Fertilization Animation: Seed Development Video: Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse)
Angiosperm Evolution
Clarifying the origin and diversification of angiosperms poses fascinating challenges to evolutionary biologists Angiosperms originated at least 140 million years ago During the late Mesozoic, the major branches of the clade diverged from their common ancestor
Fossil Angiosperms
Primitive fossils of 125-million-year-old angiosperms display derived and primitive traits Archaefructus sinensis, for example, has anthers and seeds but lacks petals and sepals
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Carpel Stamen
Angiosperm Diversity
The two main groups of angiosperms are monocots and eudicots Basal angiosperms are less derived and include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages Magnoliids share some traits with basal angiosperms but are more closely related to monocots and eudicots
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BASAL ANGIOSPERMS
Amborella trichopoda
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Amborella
Water lilies
Monocots
MAGNOLIIDS
Magnoliids
Eudicots
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MONOCOTS
Orchid Monocot (Lemboglossum Characteristics rossii) Embryos Eudicot Characteristics
EUDICOTS
California poppy (Eschscholzia california)
One cotyledon
Two cotyledons
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MONOCOTS
EUDICOTS
Leaf venation
Stems Pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii) Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring
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MONOCOTS
Lily (Lilium Enchantment)
EUDICOTS
Roots
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MONOCOTS
Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a grass Pollen
EUDICOTS
Pea (Lathyrusner vosus, Lord Ansons blue pea), a legume Pollen grain with three openings
Flowers Anther Stigma Filament Ovary Floral organs usually in multiples of three Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five Zucchini (Cucurbita Pepo), female (left), and male flowers
Pollination of flowers by animals and transport of seeds by animals are two important relationships in terrestrial ecosystems
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