Microprocessors

Swapnil Pujari
E&TC Dept., A.G.P.I.T, Solapur

Microprocessors
What is a microprocessor? What is a hardware? What is a program? What is a software?

Microprocessor:

Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions, and provides as output.
Hardware and Software:

The physical components of the system i.e. computer are called Hardware. Group of programs is called software.

HOW DOES THE MICROPROCESSOR

WORK?
The Microprocessor reads BINARY instructions from a storage device, called MEMORY.

It accepts binary data as input and processes data according to the instructions and provides output.

Binary Digits
The p is a device that operates in binary digits, 0 & 1, also called as bits. Each p recognizes & processes a group of bits called as word. 8-bit word is known as 8 bit p & a processor with a 32-bit word is known as 32 bit p.

MPU initiated operations:

MPU performs primarily 4 operations: Memory Read: Reads data (or instructions) from memory. Memory Write: Writes data (or instructions) from memory. I/O Read: Accepts data from input devices. I/O Write: Sends data to output device. To communicate with a peripheral device, MPU needs to perform following steps: Step 1: Identify peripheral or memory location. Step 2: Transfer data. Step 3: Provide timing or synchronization signals.

Intel Microprocessors History

Intel 4004 is the first 4-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1971. After that Intel introduced its first 8-bit microprocessor 8088 in 1972. These microprocessors could not last long as generalpurpose microprocessors due to their design and performance limitations. In 1974, Intel introduced the first general purpose 8-bit microprocessor 8080 and this is the first step of Intel towards the development of advanced microprocessor. Later, Intel launched microprocessor 8085 with a few more features added to its architecture, and it is considered to be the first functionally complete microprocessor.

8085 Microprocessor
The Intel 8085 is an 8 bit p introduced by Intel in 1977. It was binary-compatible with the more famous Intel 8080 but required less supporting hardware, thus allowing simpler and less expensive microcomputer systems to be built. The "5" in the model number came from the fact that the 8085 requires only a +5-volt (V) power supply rather than the +5V, -5V and +12V supplies the 8080 needed.

The salient features of 8085 p

It is a 8 bit microprocessor.

It has 16 bit address bus and hence can address up to 2 16 = 65536 bytes (64KB) memory locations through A0-A15. The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data bus are multiplexed AD0 AD7. Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 D7. It supports external interrupt request. A 16 bit program counter (PC) A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)

Features ctd
Six 8-bit general purpose register arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL. It requires a signal +5V power supply and operates at maximum clock frequency of 3MHZ and minimum clock frequency of 500KHz. It is enclosed with 40 pins DIP ( Dual in line package). It provides 5 level intrrupts.

The 8085 Bus Structure

The 8-bit 8085 MPU (Micro Processing Unit) communicates with the other units using a 16-bit address bus, an 8-bit data bus and a control bus.

The 8085 Bus Structure

Address Bus Consists of 16 address lines: A0 A15 Operates in unidirectional mode: The address bits are always sent from the MPU to peripheral devices, not reverse. 16 address lines are capable of addressing a total of 216 =
65,536 (64k) memory locations. Address locations: 0000 (hex) FFFF (hex)

The 8085 Bus Structure

Data Bus Consists of 8 data lines: D0 D7 Operates in bidirectional mode: The data bits are sent from the MPU to peripheral devices, as well as from the peripheral devices to the MPU. Data range: 00 (hex) FF (hex) Control Bus Consists of various lines carrying the control signals such as read / write enable, flag bits

8085 Functional Pin Diagram

40 pin DIP +5V 3 - 5MHz
ADD BUS DATA BUS CONTROL STATUS POWER SUPPLY AND FREQ EXTERNALLY INITIATED SIGNALS SERIAL I/O PORTS

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION

AD0-AD7: Multiplexed Address and data lines. A8-A15: Tri-stated higher order address lines. ALE: Address latch enable is an output signal.It goes high when operation is started by processor . S0,S1: These are the status signals used to indicate type of operation.
S0 0 0 S1 0 1 Operation Halt Memory or I/O READ Memory or I/O WRITE Opcode fetch

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION..

RD: Read is active low input signal used to read data from I/O device or memory. WR:Write is an active low output signal used write data on memory or an I/O device. READY(input): This signal is used to check the status of output device.If it is low, P will WAIT until it is high. TRAP(input):It is an Edge triggered highest priority , non mask able interrupt. After TRAP, restart occurs and execution starts from address 0024H. RST5.5,6.5,7.5(inputs):These are maskable interrupts and have low priority than TRAP. INTR(input) & INTA(out):INTR is a interrupt request signal after which P generates INTA or interrupt acknowledge signal. IO/M:This is output pin or signal used to indicate whether 8085 is working in I/O mode(IO/M=1) or Memory mode(IO/M=0 ).

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION..

HOLD(input)&HLDA(output):HOLD is an input signal. When P receives HOLD signal it completes current machine cycle and stops executing next instruction. In response to HOLD, P generates HLDA that is HOLD Acknowledge signal. RESET IN:This is input signal. When RESET IN is low p restarts and starts executing from location 0000H. RESET OUT: This is an active high signal output signal to indicate that p is reset. This signal is used as system reset to reset other devices connected in system. SID: Serial input data is input pin used to accept serial 1 bit data under software control. It is associated with RIM instruction. SOD: This is a active high serial output port pin, used to transfer serial 1 bit data under software control. It is associated with SIM instruction.

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION..

X1X2 :These are clock input signals and are connected to crystal, LC,or RC circuit. The frequency is divide by two and used as operating frequency. So if 6 MHz is connected to X1X2, the operating frequency becomes 3 MHz CLOCK OUT: This is an output signal, used as a system clock. The internal operating frequency is available on CLOCK OUT pin. VCC & VSS:Power supply VCC=+ -5Volt& VSS=-GND reference.

Timing diagram: MVI A,32H Instruction

2000H 2001H 3EH ;MVI A, 32H 32H M1 (Opcode-fetch) T1 T2 T3 T4 M2 (Memory T1Read) T2

T3

A15-A8 AD7-AD0 ALE

20H; high-order address

00H; loworder Add
3E; opcode

Unspecified

20H; High-order address

01H; loworder Add

32H; Data

Status IO/M=0,S1=1,S0=1; opcode fetch

Status IO/M=0,S1=1,S0=0; data read

RD

8085 Microprocessor Architecture

8085 Architecture is divided in different groups: Arithmetic & Logical group Register group Interrupt control group Serial I/O control group Instruction register, decoder, timing & control group.

Arithmetic and Logical group

Accumulator: It is 8 bit general purpose register. It is connected to ALU. So most of the operations are done in Acc. Temporary register: It is not available for user All the arithmetic and logical operations are done in the temporary register but user can t access it. Flag: It is a group of 5 flip flops used to know status of various operations done. The Flag Register along with Accumulator is called PSW or Program Status Word.

Arithmetic and Logical group..

Flag Register is given by:

AC

CY

S:Sign flag is set when result of an operation is negative.

Z:Zero flag is set when result of an operation is 0. AC: Auxiliary carry flag is set when there is a carry out of lower nibble or lower four bits of the operation. P:Parity flag is set when result contains even number of 1 s. Rest are don t care flip flops. CY: Carry flag is set when there is carry generated by an operation.

Register Group
Temporary registers (W,Z):These are not available for user. These are loaded only when there is an operation being performed. General purpose:There are six general purpose registers in 8085 namely B,C,D,E,H,L.These are used for various data manipulations. Special purpose :There are two special purpose registers in 8085: SP :Stack Pointer. PC:Program Counter.

1. 2.

Register Group..
Stack Pointer: This is a 16 bit register used to define the stack starting address. It is a reserved portion of memory where register pair information can be stored or taken back under software control. It is used to keep track of data stored on stack. Program Counter: It is 16 bit register used to point the location from which the next instruction is to be fetched. When a single byte instruction is executed PC is automatically incremented by 1. Upon reset PC contents are set to 0000H and next instruction is fetched onwards. Increment/Decrement Latch: It is a 16 bit register used in coordination with PC & SP, to increment or decrement the contents of PC/SP registers.

INTERRUPT CONTROL
It accepts different interrupts like TRAP INT5.5,6.5,7.5and INTR. When a valid interrupt request is present it informs control logic to take action in response to each signal.

SERIAL IO CONTROL GROUP

The data transferred on D0-D7 lines is parallel data, but under certain condition it is advantageous to use serial data transfer. 8085 accepts or transfers the serial 1 bit data by using SID and SOD signals and it can be performed by using SIM & RIM instructions.

INSTRUCTION REGISTER,DECODER & CONTROL

Instruction register: When an instruction is fetched , it is loaded in instruction register. These contents are then provided to decoder for decoding. This register takes the opcode value only. Its a non programmable register. Instruction decoder: It decodes the instruction from instruction register and then gives decoded information to control block. Timing and control: This is the control section of p. It accepts clock input .

Demultiplexing of Address & Data Bus

A15-A8

ALE

8085

AD7-AD0

Latch

A7 - A0

D7 - D0